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Biography of Blaise Pascal

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Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 1<br />

<strong>Biography</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

Dates <strong>of</strong> Birth and Death:<br />

(∗) 19 June 1623 in Clermont(-Ferrand), Auvergne, France<br />

(†) 19 August 1662 in Paris, France<br />

Family Data:<br />

<strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> was the only son <strong>of</strong> Étienne <strong>Pascal</strong> (1588-1651), who was himself<br />

gifted in mathematics. His mother Antoinette died in 1626, when <strong>Blaise</strong> was<br />

only three years old. He had two sisters, Gilberte (1620) and Jacqueline<br />

(1625). In 1632, Étienne moved with his children to Paris.<br />

In 1646, the father was physically injured and was nursed at home by two<br />

members <strong>of</strong> a religious movement, which had great influence on <strong>Blaise</strong>.<br />

Before his religious awakening, <strong>Pascal</strong> thought about his marriage. He died<br />

at the age <strong>of</strong> 39 years, partly because <strong>of</strong> his constitution was bodily weakened<br />

by his excessive studies; he also suffered from insomnia and Dyspepsia.<br />

Education:<br />

<strong>Blaise</strong>’s education was somewhat awkwards. Before his 15, his father did not<br />

want him to do with mathematics, and therefore the mathematical textbooks<br />

were disposed. <strong>Blaise</strong> started to occupy himself with geometry on his own<br />

when he was 12 years old, and his father permitted him to read Euclid.<br />

At his fourteen, <strong>Blaise</strong> accompanied his father to a mathematical circle under<br />

Marin de Mersenne (1588-1648), a kind <strong>of</strong> predecessor <strong>of</strong> the Académie des<br />

Sciences. At that time, this was the leading circle in mathematics in Europe.<br />

At his fifteen, <strong>Blaise</strong> was interested in Desargue’s (1591-1661) work; at<br />

sixteen, he submitted an article to the circle, his “Essay pour les coniques”,<br />

which dealt with the theorems <strong>of</strong> projective geometry.<br />

When in 1639 Étienne <strong>Pascal</strong> came as tax-collector to Rouen, <strong>Blaise</strong> helped<br />

him to calculate the taxes from 1642 till 1645 by constructing a machine for<br />

calculation. On the next years he constructed 50 <strong>of</strong> such machines.<br />

Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Career:<br />

As from May 1653, <strong>Pascal</strong> worked on mathematics and physics, later on the<br />

so-called “<strong>Pascal</strong>’s Triangle”. In his correspondence with Pierre de Fermat<br />

(1601-1665) in summer 1654 - in all five letters - <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> gave the ex-


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 2<br />

planatory statement about the theory <strong>of</strong> probability. He wrote about the<br />

practical problem <strong>of</strong> a gambler, how to finish a game <strong>of</strong> chance without victory<br />

or defeat so that both gamblers can divide the bet justly. With the<br />

throw <strong>of</strong> the dice and their spots Luca Pacioli OFM (1445-1514), Niccolò<br />

Fontana Tartaglia (1499-1557) and Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576) had already<br />

dealt with. <strong>Pascal</strong> could solve the problem with two gamblers, but not<br />

for more.<br />

After an accident which nearly costed his life and after a religious experience<br />

<strong>Pascal</strong> submitted his life totally to Christianity and had contact with the<br />

Jansenists and with the Jansenist cloister Port-Royal. By means <strong>of</strong> probability,<br />

<strong>Pascal</strong> wanted to prove the faith in God: “Let us weigh the gain and<br />

the loss in wagering that God is. Let us estimate these two chances. If you<br />

gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing.” (Pensées # 233: “Pesons<br />

le gain et la perte, en prenant croix que Dieu est. Estions ces deux cas: si<br />

vous gagnez, vous gagnez tout; si vous perdez, vous ne perdez rien.”)<br />

After his religious experience, <strong>Pascal</strong> nearly stopped to work scientifically.<br />

His fame was founded by his polemical letters, the so-called Lettres Provincales,<br />

directed against the Jesuits’ probabilism in confession.<br />

<strong>Pascal</strong>’s importance is in his correspondence with Fermat, where he laid the<br />

foundation <strong>of</strong> the theory <strong>of</strong> games <strong>of</strong> chance, and from the third section <strong>of</strong> his<br />

Traité. He introduced the concept <strong>of</strong> mathematical expectation, and used it<br />

to find the solution to the problems <strong>of</strong> the numbers observable by the naked<br />

eye. This in turn serves as a catalyst, which enables the probability theory<br />

to develop a pure combinatorial/deductive numeration.<br />

Publications:<br />

• Œuvres complètes, 3 vols. (Paris 1779, Paris 1872-74, Paris 1963, and<br />

many other editions and reprints, for example 2002), <strong>Pascal</strong>’s treatises<br />

on probability in vol. 2.<br />

• <strong>Pascal</strong> im Kontext: Werke auf CD-Rom - französisch-deutsch (Berlin<br />

2003, 2006).<br />

• <strong>Pascal</strong>, oeuvres littéraires complètes (CD-Rom Paris 1998).<br />

• La correspondance de <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> et de Pierre de Fermat: la géometrie<br />

du hasard ou le début du calcul des probabilités (Fontenay aux roses


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 3<br />

1983), also in: Oeuvres complètes, vol. 3 (Paris 1779, 1931, etc.), English:<br />

D.E. Smith, A source book in mathematics (New York 1929,<br />

1959), and David (1962) pp. 229-253.<br />

• Traité du triangle arithmétique, avec quelques autres petits traitez sur la<br />

mesme matière (Paris 1665), originating from the correspondence with<br />

Fermat, also in: Oeuvres complètes, English: Smith (1929). The Traité<br />

with only 36 pages consists <strong>of</strong> two parts. The first one is <strong>of</strong> mathematical<br />

nature, the second part deals with “Uses <strong>of</strong> the Arithmetical<br />

Triangle” in four sections: 1. Use in the theory <strong>of</strong> figurate numbers; 2.<br />

Use in the theory <strong>of</strong> combinations; 3. Use in dividing the stakes in the<br />

games <strong>of</strong> chance; 4. Use in finding the powers <strong>of</strong> binominal expressions.<br />

• Pensées [de M. <strong>Pascal</strong>] sur la réligion et sur quelques autres sujets: Qui<br />

ont esté trouvées après sa mort parmy ses papier (Paris 1672, 1678,<br />

1683, 1725, 1734; Amsterdam 1684, 1701, 1709, 1758, ... Paris 1872,<br />

1948, Paris 1967; Saint-Étienne 1971), s.a.: Louis Lafuma (ed., intr.,<br />

ann.), Le manuscrit des Pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1962), German: Über<br />

die Religion und über einige andere Gegenstände (Darmstadt 1954,<br />

1994), Gedanken über Religion und einige andere Themen (Stuttgart<br />

1997, 2004), Denken mit <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> (Zürich 2006), Gedanken (Ulm<br />

1795; Stuttgart 1881, ... 1991; Köln 1997, 2007; Leipzig 2007).<br />

• Les Provinciales ou lettres écrites par Louis de Montalte: a un provincial<br />

de ses amis et aux Jésuites (s.l s.a.; Cologne 1657, ... 1737; Helmstadt<br />

1664; Amsterdam 1741; Berlin 1878; Paris 1987, 1992, 1994,<br />

2004, 2007), Latin: Ludovic Montaltii Litterae provinciales (Coloniae<br />

1700; Lausanne 1775), German: Die Sitten-Lehre Und Politique Der<br />

Jesuiten... (1740), or: Provinzialbriefe über die Sittenlehre und Politik<br />

der Jesuiten: Nebst dem Leben des Hrn. Paskal und der Geschichte<br />

dieser Provinzialbriefe (Lemgo 1773-1775), or: Briefe gegen die Jesuiten<br />

(Jena 1907), and: Briefe in die Provinz (Darmstadt 1954, 1990),<br />

English: [Les provinciales, or] The mystery <strong>of</strong> Jesuitism: discovered in<br />

certain letters, written upon occasion <strong>of</strong> the present differences at Sorbonne<br />

between the Jansenists and the Molinists, displaying the pernicious<br />

maximes <strong>of</strong> the late Casuits (London 1658 (also online); London<br />

1689 [i.e. 1679]; also online).<br />

• Le coeur et ses raisons (München 1959, 1966, 1977, ... 1988), German:<br />

Logik des Herzens (Ebenhausen b. München 1966).<br />

• The gospel <strong>of</strong> the gospels: Abrégé de la vie de Jésus-Christ (Turin 1999).


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 4<br />

Scientific Awards:<br />

The Crater <strong>Pascal</strong> on the moon has his name.<br />

A Rue <strong>Pascal</strong> in the 3rd and 5th Arrondissements in Paris have his name.<br />

Bibliography:<br />

• Charles Coulston Gillespie (ed.), Dictionary <strong>of</strong> scientific biography, vol. X<br />

(New York 1974) pp. 330-342.<br />

• Donald Adamson, <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>: mathematician, physicist, and thinker<br />

about God (New York 1995; Houndmills 2001).<br />

• Francesco Paolo Adorno, La ragione ordinata: saggio su <strong>Pascal</strong> (Napoli<br />

2000).<br />

• Francesco Paolo Adornon, La disciplina cell’amore: <strong>Pascal</strong>, Port-Royal e<br />

la politica (Roma 2007).<br />

• Vlad Alexandrescu, Le paradoxe chez <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> (Bern, Berlin 1997).<br />

• Robert Allard, La jeunesse de <strong>Pascal</strong>: de la légende à l’histoire (Paris<br />

1994).<br />

• Jean Anglade, <strong>Pascal</strong>, l’insoumis (Paris 1988).<br />

• Leslie Armour, “Infini rien”: <strong>Pascal</strong>’s wager and the human paradox (Carbondale,<br />

Ill. 1993).<br />

• Jacques Attali, <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> ou le génie français (Paris 2001), German:<br />

<strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>: Biographie eines Genies (Stuttgart 2006).<br />

• Paul J. Bagley, Piety, peace, and the freedom to philosophize (Dordrecht<br />

1999).<br />

• Alexander W.S. Baird, Studies in <strong>Pascal</strong>’s ethics (The Hague 1975).<br />

• W. W. Rouse Ball, A Short Account <strong>of</strong> the History <strong>of</strong> Mathematics (London<br />

1912; repr. New York 2001) pp. 281-288.<br />

• Hans Urs von Balthazar, <strong>Pascal</strong> et Port-Royal: 1962, tricentenaire de la<br />

mort de <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1962).<br />

• John Barker, Strange contrarieties: <strong>Pascal</strong> in England during the age <strong>of</strong><br />

reason (Montreal 1975).<br />

• Richard L. Barnett, Dynamics <strong>of</strong> detour: codes <strong>of</strong> indirection in Montaigne,<br />

<strong>Pascal</strong>, Racine, Guilleragues (Tübingen 1986).<br />

• Rudolf Behrens (ed.), Croisements d’anthropologie: <strong>Pascal</strong>s Pensées im<br />

Geflecht der Anthropologien (Heidelberg 2005).<br />

• Marie-Anne Berr, Entscheidungen: Vernunft, Gefühl und Glaube bei <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

und Nietzsche (Wien 2006).<br />

• Henri Birault, De l’être, du divin et des dieux (Paris 2005).<br />

• Jean-Louis Bisch<strong>of</strong>f, Dialectique de la misère et de la grandeur chez <strong>Blaise</strong><br />

<strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 2001).<br />

• Jean-Vincent Blanchard, L’optique du discours au XVIIe siècle: de la


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 5<br />

rhétorique des jésuites au style de la raison moderne (Descartes, <strong>Pascal</strong>)<br />

(Québec 2007).<br />

• John F. Boitano, The polemics <strong>of</strong> libertine conversion in <strong>Pascal</strong>’s “Pensées”:<br />

a dialectics <strong>of</strong> rational and occult libertine beliefs (Tübingen 2002).<br />

• Stephen C. Bold, <strong>Pascal</strong> geometer: discovery and invention in Seventeenth-<br />

Century France (Genève 1996).<br />

• André Bord, La vie de <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>: une ascension spirituelle suivie d’un<br />

essai Plotin, Montaigne, <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 2000).<br />

• André Bord, Lumière et ténèbres chez <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 2006).<br />

• Hélène Bouchilloux, Apologétique et raison dans les Pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

(Paris 1995).<br />

• Hélène Bouchilloux, <strong>Pascal</strong>: religion, philosophie, psychoanalyse (Paris<br />

2002).<br />

• Hélène Bouchilloux, <strong>Pascal</strong>: la force de la raison (Paris 2004).<br />

• Muriel Bourgeois, <strong>Pascal</strong>: a-t’il écrit les pensées? (Toulouse 2007).<br />

• Laurent Bove, <strong>Pascal</strong> et Spinoza: pensée du contraste: de la géométrie du<br />

hasard à la nécessité de la liberté (Paris 2007).<br />

• Gérard Bras, <strong>Pascal</strong>: figures de l’imagination (Paris 1994).<br />

• Jean Brun, La philosophie de <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1992).<br />

• Léon Brunschvicg, Descartes et <strong>Pascal</strong>, lecteurs de Montaigne (Paris 1995).<br />

• Pierre Cariou, <strong>Pascal</strong> et la casuistique (Paris 1993).<br />

• Vincent Carraud, <strong>Pascal</strong> et la philosophie (Paris 1992).<br />

• Vincent Carraud, <strong>Pascal</strong>: des connaissances naturelles à l’étude de l’homme<br />

(Paris 2007).<br />

• Catherine Chevalley, <strong>Pascal</strong>, contingence et probabilités (Paris 1995).<br />

• Jean-Pierre Cléro (ed.), Les <strong>Pascal</strong> à Rouen, 1640-1648: colloque de l’Université<br />

de Rouen (Rouen 2001).<br />

• John Richard Cole, <strong>Pascal</strong>: the man and his two loves (New York 1995).<br />

• F.X.J. Coleman, Neither angel nor beast: the life and work <strong>of</strong> <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

(New York 1986).<br />

• Elart von Collani (ed.), Defining the Science <strong>of</strong> Stochastics (Lemgo 2004).<br />

• François Collet, <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1994).<br />

• Marcel Conche, Philosopher à l’infini (Paris 2005).<br />

• James A. Connor, <strong>Pascal</strong>’s wager: the man who played dice with God (Oxford<br />

2007).<br />

• Michael Cuntz, Der göttliche Autor: Apologie, Prophetie und Simulation<br />

in Texten <strong>Pascal</strong>s (Stuttgart 2004).<br />

• Jacques Darriulat, L’arithmétique de la grâce: <strong>Pascal</strong> et les carrés magiques<br />

(Paris 1994).<br />

• Lorraine Daston, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment (Princeton<br />

1988).


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 6<br />

• F. N. David, Games, Gods and Gambling. A History <strong>of</strong> Probability and<br />

Statistical Ideas (London 1962, New York 1998) pp. 31-97.<br />

• Hugh MacCullough Davidson, The origins <strong>of</strong> certainty: means and meanings<br />

in <strong>Pascal</strong>’s “Pensées” (Chicago 1979).<br />

• Hugh MacCullough Davidson, A concordance to <strong>Pascal</strong>’s Les provinciales<br />

(New York 1980).<br />

• Hugh MacCullough Davidson, <strong>Pascal</strong> and the arts <strong>of</strong> the mind (Cambridge<br />

1993).<br />

• Paul DeMan, Aesthetic ideology (Minneapolis 2006).<br />

• Dominique Descotes, L’argumentation chez <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1993).<br />

• Dominique Descotes, Le fonds pascalien à Clermont-Ferrand (Clermont-<br />

Ferrand 2001).<br />

• Dominique Descotes, <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>: littérature et géométrie (Clermont-<br />

Ferrand 2001).<br />

• Dominique Descotes (ed.), <strong>Pascal</strong>, auteur spirituel (Clermont-Ferrand 2006).<br />

• James Robert Dionne, <strong>Pascal</strong> et Nietzsche; étude historique et comparée<br />

(New York 1974).<br />

• Roger Duchêne, L’imposture littéraire dans les “Provinciales” de <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

(Aix-en-Provence 1985).<br />

• P. Dupont, “Concetti probabilistici in Roberval, <strong>Pascal</strong> e Fermat”, Rendiconto<br />

del Seminario matematico dell’Università di Torino 34 (1975-1976)<br />

pp. 235-245.<br />

• P. Dupont, “I fondamenti del calcolo delle probabilità in <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>”,<br />

Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 113 (1979) pp. 243-253.<br />

• Jean-François Durand, <strong>Pascal</strong> - Mauriac: l’œuvre en dialogue (Paris 2000).<br />

• A.W.F. Edwards, <strong>Pascal</strong>’s arithmetical triangle (London 1987).<br />

• A.W.F. Edwards, “<strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>”, in: C.C. Heyde, E. Seneta (eds.), Statisticians<br />

<strong>of</strong> the Centuries (New York 2001) pp. 17-22.<br />

• Ziad Elmarsafy, Freedom, slavery, and absolutism: Corneille, <strong>Pascal</strong>, Racine<br />

(Lewisburg, Pa. 2003).<br />

• Pol Ernst, Les pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong>, géologie et stratigraphie (Paris 1996).<br />

• Jean-Pierre Fanton d’Andon, L’horreur du vide: expérience et raison dans<br />

la physique pascalienne (Paris 1978).<br />

• Gérard Ferreyrolles, <strong>Pascal</strong> et la raison du politique (Paris 1984).<br />

• J.-P. Flad, Les trois premières machines à calculer. Schickard (1623), <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

(1642), Leibniz (1673) (Paris 1963).<br />

• H.H. Frisinger, “Mathematicians in the history <strong>of</strong> meteorology: the pressureheight<br />

problem from <strong>Pascal</strong> to Laplace”, Historia Mathematica 1 (1974) pp.<br />

263-286.<br />

• Jean-Louis Gardies, <strong>Pascal</strong> entre Eudoxe et Cantor (Paris 1984).<br />

• Frank Giesenberg, Wahl und Entscheidung im Existenzialismus (Frankfurt,


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 7<br />

Berlin, Bern 1996).<br />

• Hanswalter Giesekus, Glaubenswagnis: Leben und Erkennen aus der Sicht<br />

des <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> (Wuppertal 1997).<br />

• Sylvia Giocanti, Penser l’irrésolution: Montaigne, <strong>Pascal</strong>, La Mothe Le<br />

Vayer: trois itinéraires sceptiques (Paris 2001).<br />

• Lucien Goldmann, Le dieu caché: étude sur la vision tragique dans les<br />

Pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong> et dans le théâtre de Racine (Paris 1971).<br />

• Henri Gouhier, <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>: commentaires. Avec six fac-simile hors-texte<br />

(Paris 1984).<br />

• Henri Gouhier, <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>: conversion et apologétique (Paris 1985).<br />

• André Gounelle, La Bible selon <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1970).<br />

• Thérèse Goyet (ed.), <strong>Pascal</strong>, Port-Royal, Orient, Occident: actes du colloque<br />

de l’Université de Toyko (Paris 1991).<br />

• Thérèse Goyet (ed.), L’accès aux ’Pensées’ de <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1993).<br />

• Bernard Grasset, Les Pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong>: une interprétation de l’écriture<br />

(Paris 2003).<br />

• Hubert Grunow, Der Weg der Wahrheit, die zum Leben führt (Würzburg<br />

1993).<br />

• Anders Hald, A History <strong>of</strong> Probability and Statistics and Their Applications<br />

before 1750 (New York 1998) pp. 45-79.<br />

• Nicholas Hammond, Playing with truth: language and the human condition<br />

in <strong>Pascal</strong>’s Pensées (Oxford 1994).<br />

• Nicholas Hammond, The Cambridge companion to <strong>Pascal</strong> (Cambridge 2003).<br />

• Nicholas Hammond, Fragmentary voices: memory and education at Port<br />

Royal (Tübingen 2004).<br />

• Thomas More Harrington, Vérité er méthode dans les “Pensées” de <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

(Paris 1972).<br />

• Lane M. Heller, [<strong>Blaise</strong>] <strong>Pascal</strong>: thématique des “Pensées” (Paris 1988).<br />

• Lane M. Heller, Bibliographie <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> (Clermont-Ferrand 1989).<br />

• Juri Higaki, Péguy et <strong>Pascal</strong>: les trois ordres et l’ordre du cœur (Micr<strong>of</strong>iche<br />

2000).<br />

• Winfrid H<strong>of</strong>er, Der Begriff des Herzens bei <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong> (Fridingen 1993).<br />

• Marie Louis Hubert, <strong>Pascal</strong>’s unfinished Apology: a study <strong>of</strong> his plan (Port<br />

Washington, NY 1973).<br />

• Jean-Claude Hubi, <strong>Pascal</strong> et la géometrie (Rouen 1993).<br />

• Jean-Claude Hubi, <strong>Pascal</strong> et les probabilités (Rouen 1993).<br />

• P. Humbert, L’oeuvre scientifique de <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1964).<br />

• Françoise Jaou˝en, De l’art de plaire en petits morceaux: <strong>Pascal</strong>, La Rochefoucault,<br />

La Bruyère (Saint-Denis 1996).<br />

• Matthew Laurence Jones, The good life in the scientific revolution (Chicago<br />

2006).


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 8<br />

• Jeff Jordan, Gambling on God: essays on <strong>Pascal</strong>’s wager (Lanham 1994).<br />

• Jeff Jordan, <strong>Pascal</strong>’s wager: pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Oxford<br />

2006).<br />

• Olivier Jouslin, La campagne des “Provinciales” de <strong>Pascal</strong>: étude d’un dialogue<br />

polémique (Clermont-Ferrand 2007).<br />

• Francis Kaplan, Les Pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 1998).<br />

• Hyung-Kil Kim, De l’art de persuader dans les pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris<br />

1992).<br />

• Ulrich Kirsch, <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>s “Pensées” (1656-1662) (Freiburg 1989).<br />

• Erec R. Koch, <strong>Pascal</strong> and rhetoric: figural and persuasive language in the<br />

scientific treatises, the Provinciales, and the Pensées (Charlottesville 1997).<br />

• Leszek Ko̷lakowski, God owes us nothing: a brief remark on <strong>Pascal</strong>’s religion<br />

and the spirit <strong>of</strong> Jansenism (Chicago 1995), French: Dieu ne nous doit<br />

rien: brève remarque sur la religion de <strong>Pascal</strong> et l’esprit du jansénisme (Paris<br />

1997), German: Gott schuldet uns nichts: eine Anmerkung zur Religion <strong>Pascal</strong>s<br />

und zum Geist des Jansenismus (Heimbach/Eifel, Aachen 2007).<br />

• L. Lafuma, “<strong>Pascal</strong>”, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 8 (Freiburg 1986)<br />

cols. 125f.<br />

• Michel Le Guern, <strong>Pascal</strong> et Arnauld (Paris 2003).<br />

• Denise Leduc-Fayette (ed.), <strong>Pascal</strong> au miroir du XIXe siècle (Paris 1993).<br />

• Denise Leduc-Fayette, <strong>Pascal</strong> et le mystère du mal: la clef de Job (Paris<br />

1996).<br />

• André LeGall, <strong>Pascal</strong> (Paris 2000).<br />

• Marie-Rose Le Guern, Les pensées de <strong>Pascal</strong> de l’anthropologie à la théologie<br />

(Paris 1972).<br />

• Gaetano Lettieri, Il metodo della grazia: <strong>Pascal</strong> e l’ermeneutica giansenista<br />

di Agostino (Roma 2000).<br />

• Robert Leuenburger, Die Vernunft des Herzens: Studien zur <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong><br />

(Zürich 1999).<br />

• Robert Leuenburger, Jacqueline <strong>Pascal</strong>: die Schwester des Philosophen<br />

(Zürich 2002).<br />

• Hans Loeffel, <strong>Blaise</strong> <strong>Pascal</strong>: 1623-1662 (Basel 1987).<br />

• Elisabeth Marie Loevlie, Literary silence in <strong>Pascal</strong>, Rousseau, and Beckett<br />

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Author(s) <strong>of</strong> this contribution:<br />

Claudia von Collani


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