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Économie Évolutionniste et Culture d'Entreprise

Économie Évolutionniste et Culture d'Entreprise

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s’en trouverait alors gravement affectée. Ce passage traduit ce que Nelson <strong>et</strong> Winter avaient réellement en<br />

tête :<br />

[I]t is necessary that the individual who will occupy that role in the new plant acquire the knowledge required for its<br />

performance. This may be accomplished by having that individual observe or be actively trained by the incumbent to the new<br />

system and leaving his trained successor in the old one. The collection of new role occupants thus created will make a<br />

coordinated, routinely functioning productive organization of the new facility, because the roles were coordinated in the old<br />

one - provided that the copying of the individual roles is accurate enough. (Nelson <strong>et</strong> Winter, 1982, p. 120).<br />

Exercer un rôle organisationnel implique l’acquisition d’une connaissance reliée à un cadre<br />

organisationnel particulier. L’approche de Nelson <strong>et</strong> Winter privilégie une vision consensuelle de<br />

l’organisation. En légitimant une distribution asymétrique du pouvoir sur une durée relativement longue<br />

(Cohen <strong>et</strong> al., 1996), c<strong>et</strong>te vision évacue de l’analyse la figure de l’entrepreneur <strong>et</strong> les problèmes de<br />

contrôle :<br />

The general point here is that most organizational routines involve also the legitimation of an asymm<strong>et</strong>ric distribution of<br />

power. Hence, tog<strong>et</strong>her with the cognitive aspect of routines and their characteristics of truces, it is worth exploring their<br />

domination elements, whereby, paraphrasing Max Weber, the content of the command becomes a natural and automatic<br />

response of “ruled” agents. (Cohen <strong>et</strong> al., 1996, p. 20).<br />

Nous observons donc avec Nelson <strong>et</strong> Winter un glissement du débat d’une vision politique de la firme, où<br />

le conflit prédomine, à un univers de coordination où la variable cognitive prévaut. La trêve perm<strong>et</strong> de<br />

neutraliser les comportements dits discrétionnaires <strong>et</strong> contribue au maintien du statu quo, d’où la tentation<br />

de ne regarder les routines que sous leur angle opérationnel en oubliant les mécanismes sociaux <strong>et</strong><br />

historiques qui ont contribués à leur émergence (Lazaric, 2000). Or, ignorer la co-évolution des variables<br />

politiques <strong>et</strong> cognitives est une vision très parcellaire de l’apprentissage collectif. Jacoby (2001) souligne<br />

le degré auquel les conflits d’intérêts dans le partage du surplus sont passés sous silence par Nelson <strong>et</strong><br />

Winter à travers leur recours à l’hypothèse forte du mécanisme de trêve organisationnelle :<br />

Everyone wishes to receive from his or her participation in the firm’s activity the most profit possible, that is, at least a part of<br />

the surplus equal to his or her participation, since an individual’s incentive to pursue his or her activity depends on this<br />

equation. With the truce hypothesis, it is no longer a question of knowing how economic agents are going to arbitrate within<br />

the firm, for this hypothesis posits that potential conflict b<strong>et</strong>ween members is solved de facto. The question of a potential intraorganizational<br />

equilibrium by internal negotiation never arises since the possibility of negotiation lies outside the field of<br />

analysis. The necessary conditions for this equilibrium are thus m<strong>et</strong> a priori. The truce hypothesis holds that member behavior<br />

is pre-programmed and responses pred<strong>et</strong>ermined. Responses as well as behavior, both stable over an extended period, are<br />

stored in the repertoire of each member. There is an organizational link inscribed in time which solves the problems of surplus<br />

sharing. All potential conflicts b<strong>et</strong>ween agents within the firm are excluded. The behavior of agents is s<strong>et</strong>: there can be no<br />

possible interaction b<strong>et</strong>ween them. (Jacoby, 2001, p. 10-11).<br />

En plus des conflits d’intérêt, Jacoby om<strong>et</strong> de souligner les conflits dans la vision du monde (Cf. chapitre<br />

5 <strong>et</strong> suivants) qui sont également voilés par le mécanisme de trêve. Dans la vie économique réelle, les<br />

dimensions cognitives <strong>et</strong> motivationnelles sont étroitement reliées. Les changements dans les relations<br />

sociales organisationnelles affectent nécessairement son comportement <strong>et</strong> donc sa performance. L’analyse

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