enseignement professionnel et formation modulaires ... - emcet 2

HUNGARY
István Kiszter
Types of teachers
In Hungary, vocational education and training, including both IVET and CVET,
may be provided either within or outside the formal school system (referred to
as „iskolai rendszerű” and „iskolarendszeren kívüli” szakképzés) which forms are
distinctly diff erentiated by current legislation (Act LXXVI of 1993 on Vocational
education and training and the related decrees, most importantly, the 45/1999 (XII.
13.) decree of the Minister of Education on the conditions of providing VET). The main
diff erence between the two forms is that participants of VET provided within the
school system are students (tanuló, hallgató) in respect of their legal status, while
participants of adult training (who must have completed compulsory education)
are not. In all of its forms (i.e. also in part-time programmes) VET within the school
system is off ered by state-recognized public or higher education institutions in
which – due to the legal regulation of the education system – the appropriate
qualifi cation of teaching/training staff is guaranteed. Regulations concerning the
formal qualifi cations of teachers/trainers working in adult training are, however, in
general less strict, except for accredited adult training institutions.
In Hungary, the National Qualifi cations Register (Országos Képzési Jegyzék,
OKJ) includes all state-recognized vocational qualifi cations (referred to as
szakképesítés) at all (ISCED 2C, 3C, 4C, 5B) levels, most of which can be obtained also
in training provided outside the school system. Education and training awarding
a tertiary (ISCED 5A, 6) level degree (higher education graduation certifi cate and
a qualifi cation referred to as szakképzettség) may also be off ered only within the
school system, by higher education institutions, although Hungarian legislation
does not categorize higher education as VET.
While higher education (felsőoktatás) is available for everyone subject to
capabilities and performance, every citizen of Hungary can – and during their
compulsory schooling, have to – participate in public education (közoktatás). Public
education covers the system of the various types of institutions that provide general
education at primary and secondary level and/or VET. Although the provision of
public and higher education and the operation of their systems is the duty of the
state, individual institutions may be maintained also by local governments, churches,
foundations, individuals, etc., and higher education institutions enjoy wide-ranging
autonomy concerning both administrative and pedagogical matters.
Initial vocational education and training
IVET in Hungary is provided mainly within the school system by vocational
training schools (szakképző iskola, comprising two types: vocational school,
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