Proceedings of the Second Mediterranean Symposium on Marine

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to be built up, this disappearance must be considered irreversible from <strong>the</strong> human point <strong>of</strong> view (even when <strong>the</strong> causes <strong>of</strong> death are believed to have been removed). Lithophyllum byssoides trottoirs are also threatened by constant treading: <strong>the</strong> platform <strong>of</strong> Cala Litizia (Scandola nature Reserve, Corsica), well publicised as a high value natural monument, was visited by growing numbers <strong>of</strong> tourists who arrived <strong>the</strong>re in rubber dinghies. Lithophyllum byssoides dies if it is walked over too <strong>of</strong>ten. In addition, at <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> platform, rope marks could be observed (dinghy moorings) (Verlaque, 1996). For <strong>the</strong>se reasons, at <strong>the</strong> request <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scientific Committee <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scandola Nature Reserve, access to <strong>the</strong> Cala Litizia L. byssoides trottoir is now prohibited. Finally, <strong>the</strong> expected relative rising <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean sea-level, rapid in terms <strong>of</strong> geological scale, resulting from global warming (Pernetta and Elder, 1992), threatens in <strong>the</strong> long term <strong>the</strong> L. byssoides rims and trottoirs. The building up <strong>of</strong> this bio-construction is linked to a stable or very slowly rising sea-level (see above). CONCLUSIONS Researchers' attention with regard to anthropogenic impact on marine vegetation has been mainly focused on pollution although, in <strong>the</strong> long term, this is far from being <strong>the</strong> greatest cause for concern. The <strong>Mediterranean</strong> marine vegetation is mainly threatened by coastal development, species introduction and global warming, which are irreversible events, at least at human scale. In addition, <strong>the</strong> regression <strong>of</strong> long-lived species, such as Cystoseira ssp, and <strong>of</strong> Lithophyllum byssoides trottoirs, whose construction takes several centuries, jeopardizes present day nature conservation policy. Unfortunately, scientific knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> consequences <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se threats is ra<strong>the</strong>r sparse and, above all, policy makers and stakeholders still ingenuously consider that reducing pollution will solve all environmental problems. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are indebted to Michael Paul for improving <strong>the</strong> English text. REFERENCES Allué-Puyelo R., Olivella-Prats I. (1994) - Actions pour la protection et la conservation du littoral catalan. In: Actes du colloque scientifique Okéanos "Pour qui la Méditerranée au 21° siècle ? Villes des rivages et environnement littoral en Méditerranée". Montpellier: 196-208. Astier J.M. (1984) - Impact des aménagements littoraux de la rade de Toulon, liés aux techniques d'endigage, sur les herbiers à Posidonia oceanica. In: International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica beds, Boudouresque C.F., Jeudy de Grissac A., Olivier J. (eds.), GIS Posidonie publ., Marseille, : 255-259. Astier J.M., Castel A., Tailliez P., Tiné J. (1980) - L'aménagement des plages artificielles du Mourillon. Rev. Fond. océanogr. Ricard, 4: 14-23. Baldauf S.L. (2003) – The deep roots <strong>of</strong> Eucaryotes. Science, 300: 1703-1706. ACTES DU DEUXIEME SYMPOSIUM MEDITERRANEEN SUR LA VEGETATION MARINE (ATHENES, 12-13 DECEMBRE 2003) 49
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND MEDITERRANEAN SYMPOSIUM ON MARINE VEGETATION (ATHENS, 12-13 DECEMBER 2003) 50 Ballesteros E., Sala E., Garrabou J., Zabala M. (1995) - Estudio preliminar sobre una población de Cystoseira spinosa Sauvageau de la Reserva natural de Scandola (Córcega). Rapport Parc naturel régional de Corse: 36 pp. Ballesteros E., Sala E., Garrabou J., Zabala M. (1998) - Community structure and frond size distribution <strong>of</strong> a deep water stand <strong>of</strong> Cystoseira spinosa (Phaeophyta) in <strong>the</strong> Northwestren <strong>Mediterranean</strong>. Eur. J. Phycol., 33: 121-128. Bellan G., Bourcier M., Salen-Picard C., Arnoux A., Casserley S. (1999) - Benthic ecosystem changes associated with wastewater treatment at Marseille : implications for <strong>the</strong> protection and restoration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Mediterranean</strong> shelf ecosystem. Water Environment Research, 71 (4): 483-493. Bellan-Santini D. (1966) - Influence des eaux polluées sur la faune et la flore marines benthiques dans la région marseillaise. Techn. Sci. municipales, Fr., 61 (7): 285-292. Béthoux J.P., Gentili B., Raunet J., Tailliez D. (1990) - Warming trend in <strong>the</strong> western <strong>Mediterranean</strong> deep water. Nature, 347 (6294): 660-662. Béthoux J.P., Gentili B., Tailliez D. (1998) - Warming and freshwater budget change in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Mediterranean</strong> since <strong>the</strong> 1940s, <strong>the</strong>ir possible relation to <strong>the</strong> greenhouse effect. Geophysical Res. Letters, 25 (7): 1023-1026. Bianchi C.N., Morri C. (1993) - Range extensions <strong>of</strong> warm-water species in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Mediterranean</strong> : evidence for climatic fluctuations? Porcupine Newsletter, 5 (7): 156-159. Bianchi C.N., Morri C. (1994) - Sou<strong>the</strong>rn species in <strong>the</strong> Ligurian Sea (Nor<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Mediterranean</strong>) : new records and a review. Bol. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 58-59: 181-197. Bianconi C.H., Boudouresque C.F., Meinesz A., Di Santo F. (1987) - Cartographie de la répartition de Lithophyllum lichenoides (Rhodophyta) dans la Réserve naturelle de Scandola (côte orientale de Corse, Méditerranée). Trav. sci. Parc nat. rég. Réserves nat. Corse, 13: 39-63. Blanc J.J., Molinier R. (1955) - Les formations organogènes construites superficielles en Méditerranée occidentale. Bull. Inst. océanogr., Monaco, 1067: 1-26. Boudouresque C.F. (1997) - Situation de la biodiversité marine et lagunaire en Tunisie. Recommendations. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), Regional Activity Center for Marine protected Areas (RAC/SPA). GIS Posidonie publ.: 154 pp. Boudouresque C.F. (1999a) Introduced species in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Mediterranean</strong>: routes, kinetics and consequences. In: <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> workshop on invasive Caulerpa species in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Mediterranean</strong>. MAP Technical Reports Ser., UNEP, A<strong>the</strong>ns: 51-72. Boudouresque C.F. (1999b) - The Red Sea - <strong>Mediterranean</strong> link: unwanted effects <strong>of</strong> canals. In: Invasive species and biodiversity management, Sandlund O.T., Schei P.J., Viken A. (eds.), Kluwer Academic publ.: 213-228 Boudouresque C.F., Ballesteros E., Ben Maïz N., Boisset F., Bouladier E., Cinelli F., Cirik S., Cormaci M., Jeudy de Grissac A., Laborel J., Lanfranco E., Lundberg B., Mayhoub H., Meinesz A., Panayotidis P., Semroud R., Sinnassamy J.M., Span A., Vuignier G. (1990) - Livre rouge "Gérard Vuignier" des végétaux, peuplements et paysages marins menacés de Méditerranée. UNEP/IUCN/Gis Posidonie. UNEP MAP technical Series, 43: 1-250. Boudouresque C.F., Jeudy de Grissac A. (1983) - L'herbier à Posidonia oceanica en Méditerranée : les interactions entre la plante et le sédiment. J. Rech. océanogr., 8 (2-3): 99-122. Boudouresque C.F., Meinesz A. (1982) - Découverte de l'herbier de Posidonie. Cah. Parc nation. Port- Cros, Fr., 4: 1-79.
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CARACTERISATION DE L’ETAT DES HER
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RESULTATS A- PHENOLOGIE Les princip
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Les futures recherches scientifique
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Williamson and Fitter, 1996; Piazzi
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Fig. 2: Spatial patterns of
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vulnerable to invaders. In reality
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BIOMONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL METL
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Table 1: Mercury concentration (in
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fraction of <stron
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EFFETS DE L’INCORPORATION DE L’
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Les aliments ont été distribués
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REFERENCES Association of</
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Jonge et al., 2002). Nutrient conce
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to total dissolved inorganic nitrog
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offs (group B; Fig
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PHYTOBENTHOS AS QUALITY ELEMENT FOR
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Padina pavonica and Halopteris scop
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Gelidiella ramellosa II - - - - 5.7
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CARACTERISATION DES HERBIERS A POSI
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une analyse lépidochronologique (P
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La limite de l’herbier à Posidon
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LITTORAL BENTHIC COMMUNITIES AS IND
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Several environmental factors were
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This category includes stations sit
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RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL
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The Ecological Evaluation o
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APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL INDICES O
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The average taxonomic distinctness
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On Fig. 4 each of
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OVERVIEW OF THE ACTIVITIES AIMED AT
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POSTERS ACTES DU DEUXIEME SYMPOSIUM
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Mr Baris AKÇALI D.E.U. Institute <
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Mr Francesco Saverio CIVILI MED POL
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Mr Jamel KSOURI Laboratoire de Biod
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Mr Frédéric PLATINI Accord RAMOGE
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Ms Eleni TRYFON Natural Environment
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