Proceedings of the Second Mediterranean Symposium on Marine

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In <strong>the</strong> same way, "algae" (Fig. 3) and "fungi sensu lato" (Fig. 4) are polyphyletic sets <strong>of</strong> taxa. Algae (Fig. 3) belong to <strong>the</strong> Procaryota (Cyanobacteria) and to 5 Eucaryota kingdoms (namely Plantae, Cercobionta, Alveolobionta, Stramenopiles and Discicristates). "Macroalgae" (i.e. pluricellular algae) belong to two kingdoms: Plantae and Stramenopiles. It is worth empha-sizing that <strong>the</strong>re is a greater distance (i.e. <strong>the</strong> common ancestor is more ancient) between a so-called "brown alga" (Fucophyceae, Chromobionta, Stramenopiles) and a "green alga" (Chlorobionta, Viridobionta, Plantae) than between a green alga and a flowering plant (Magnoliophyta, Embryobionta, Viridobionta, Plantae) or between green algae and Metazoa (Opisthokonts) (Lecointre and Leguyader, 2001). Fungi sensu lato belong to Procaryota (Actinobacteria) and to 4 Eucaryota kingdoms (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. The tree <strong>of</strong> life: taxa belonging to <strong>the</strong> customary notion <strong>of</strong> Fungi (sensu lato) are shaded in grey. Length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> branches is only due to graphical constraints, and <strong>the</strong>refore does not present here any phylogenetic mea-ning. From Baldauf (2003) and Pennisi (2003), modified and simplified. ACTES DU DEUXIEME SYMPOSIUM MEDITERRANEEN SUR LA VEGETATION MARINE (ATHENES, 12-13 DECEMBRE 2003) 39
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND MEDITERRANEAN SYMPOSIUM ON MARINE VEGETATION (ATHENS, 12-13 DECEMBER 2003) 40 BIODIVERSITY Biological diversity (biodiversity) means <strong>the</strong> variety among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and o<strong>the</strong>r aquatic ecosystems and <strong>the</strong> complexes <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y are part. This includes diversity within species, diversity between species, between ecosystems, between landscapes and functional diversity (Ramade, 1994). Ecosystem diversity is <strong>of</strong>ten referred to as "ecodiversity". As far as species diversity is concerned, point species diversity refers to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> species within a sample, alpha species diversity to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> species within a given habitat (e.g. <strong>the</strong> Posidonia oceanica meadow) in a given region (e.g. Liguria), beta species diversity <strong>the</strong> species turnover between adjacent habitats <strong>of</strong> a given region, gamma species diversity to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> species within all habitats <strong>of</strong> a given region, and epsilon species diversity <strong>the</strong> num-ber <strong>of</strong> species within a biogeographical province (e.g. <strong>the</strong> <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Sea) (Wilson and Shmida, 1984; Gray, 2000, 2001). Human impact may increase alpha diversity <strong>of</strong> low species diversity habitats or even <strong>of</strong> some taxonomical groups in habitats with high species diversity (e.g. Dimech et al., 2002), while gamma diversity decreases. This is <strong>the</strong> reason why some naïve authors emphasize that pollution (e.g. aquaculture farms) and introduced species (e.g. Caulerpa taxifolia) constitute valuable diversity enhancers (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. Above: an example <strong>of</strong> alpha species diversity within 5 benthic habitats (A through E) in a given region. Gamma species diversity is not <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 alpha diversities, since some species are common to <strong>the</strong> five habitats (in black). Below: human impact (e.g. pollution or <strong>the</strong> introduced species Caulerpa taxifolia) has more or less homogenized <strong>the</strong> communities (habitat F). The disturbance may increase (e.g. B, a sand bottom habitat) or decrease (e.g. E, a rocky bottom habitat) alpha species diversity. However, as far as gamma species diversity is concerned (right), it dramatically decreases.
Page 1 and 2: United Nations Environment Programm
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Page 8 and 9: ORFANIDIS S., TSIAGGA E. & STAMATIS
Page 10 and 11: Friday 12 December 2003 09:00 Openi
Page 12: Discussion Discussion - Littoral be
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Page 36 and 37: Here, we will firstly delineate wha
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Page 54 and 55: Marchand M. (1981) - Amoco Cadiz. B
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Page 70 and 71: REFERENCES Agardh C. A. (1822-1823)
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND MEDITERRA
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SESSION ‘MAPPING MARINE VEGETATIO
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CARACTERISATION DE L’ETAT DES HER
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RESULTATS A- PHENOLOGIE Les princip
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Les futures recherches scientifique
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Williamson and Fitter, 1996; Piazzi
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Fig. 2: Spatial patterns of
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vulnerable to invaders. In reality
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BIOMONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL METL
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Table 1: Mercury concentration (in
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fraction of <stron
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EFFETS DE L’INCORPORATION DE L’
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Les aliments ont été distribués
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REFERENCES Association of</
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Jonge et al., 2002). Nutrient conce
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to total dissolved inorganic nitrog
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offs (group B; Fig
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PHYTOBENTHOS AS QUALITY ELEMENT FOR
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Padina pavonica and Halopteris scop
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Gelidiella ramellosa II - - - - 5.7
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CARACTERISATION DES HERBIERS A POSI
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une analyse lépidochronologique (P
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La limite de l’herbier à Posidon
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LITTORAL BENTHIC COMMUNITIES AS IND
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Several environmental factors were
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This category includes stations sit
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RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL
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For a thorough presentation <strong
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The Ecological Evaluation o
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APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL INDICES O
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The average taxonomic distinctness
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On Fig. 4 each of
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OVERVIEW OF THE ACTIVITIES AIMED AT
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at the same time f
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POSTERS ACTES DU DEUXIEME SYMPOSIUM
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Mr Baris AKÇALI D.E.U. Institute <
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Mr Francesco Saverio CIVILI MED POL
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Mr Jamel KSOURI Laboratoire de Biod
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Mr Frédéric PLATINI Accord RAMOGE
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Ms Eleni TRYFON Natural Environment
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Proceedings of the Second Mediterranean Symposium on Marine

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