Violences sexuelles des casques bleus : Défis et réalisations pour ...
Violences sexuelles des casques bleus : Défis et réalisations pour ...
Violences sexuelles des casques bleus : Défis et réalisations pour ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<br />
P a g e | 136 <br />
without the consent of the victim 387 ». Finalement, Foca a rappelé que certaines<br />
défenses ne pouvaient pas être invoquées lors <strong>des</strong> viols:<br />
(i) no corroboration of the victim’s testimony shall be required;<br />
(ii) consent shall not be allowed as a defence if the victim<br />
(a) has been subjected to or threatened with or has reason to fear<br />
violence, duress , d<strong>et</strong>ention or psychological oppression, or<br />
(b) reasonably believed that if the victim did not submit, another<br />
might be so subjected , threatened or put in fear;<br />
(iii) before evidence of the victim’s consent is admitted, the accused<br />
shall satisfy the Trial Chamber in camera that the evidence is relevant and<br />
credible;<br />
(iv) prior sexual conduct of the victim shall not be admitted into<br />
evidence 388 .<br />
Un autre jugement du Tribunal pénal international <strong>pour</strong> l'ex-Yougoslavie a<br />
apporté une contribution à c<strong>et</strong> enjeu. Le jugement Celebici 389 est celui qui a permis<br />
d'établir que le viol était bel <strong>et</strong> bien un acte de torture. Tout d'abord, le Tribunal<br />
réitère le fait que les violences <strong>sexuelles</strong> sont interdites dans le droit international<br />
humanitaire:<br />
There can be no doubt that rape and other forms of sexual assault<br />
are expressly prohibited under international humanitarian law. The<br />
terms of article 27 of the Fourth Geneva Convention specifically<br />
prohibit rape, any form of indecent assault and the enforced<br />
prostitution of women. A prohibition on rape, enforced prostitution<br />
and any form of indecent assault is further found in article 4(2) of<br />
Additional Protocol II, concerning internal armed conflicts. This<br />
Protocol also implicitly prohibits rape and sexual assault in article 4(1)<br />
which states that all persons are entitled to respect for their person and<br />
honour. Moreover, article 76(1) of Additional Protocol I expressly<br />
requires that women be protected from rape, forced prostitution and<br />
any other form of indecent assault. An implicit prohibition on rape and<br />
sexual assault can also be found in article 46 of the 1907 Hague<br />
Convention (IV) that provi<strong>des</strong> for the protection of family honour and<br />
rights 390 .<br />
<br />
387 Ibid, paragraphe 460.<br />
388 Ibid, paragraphe 462.<br />
389 Celebici est un village de la Bosnie où était situé le Camp Celebici peuplé de réfugiés serbesbosniaques<br />
musulmans. <br />
390 Prosecuter v. Zejnil Delalic Zdravko Mucic also know as Pavo Hazim Delic, Esad Landzo also known as<br />
Zenga, (2001), Affaire no IT-96-21-A, Tribunal pénal international <strong>pour</strong> l'ex-Yougoslavie, en ligne:<br />
http://www.un.org/icty/celebici/trialc2/judgement/index.htm, paragraphe 476.