Violences sexuelles des casques bleus : Défis et réalisations pour ...

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adopte une définition assez large du viol en ne se limitant pas à la pénétration du
vagin par le pénis:
The actus reus of the crime of rape is:
(i) the sexual penetration, however slight:
(a) of the vagina or anus of the victim by the penis of the perpetrator
or any other object used by the perpetrator; or
(b) of the mouth of the victim by the penis of the perpetrator;
(ii) by coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third
person 383 .
En ce qui a trait à la notion du consentement, le Tribunal s'appuie sur le
jugement Furundzija dans lequel il élargissait la notion du consentement. Dans
Furundzija, l'élément consensuel était ainsi défini: « all jurisdictions surveyed by
the Trial Chamber require an element of force, coercion, threat, or acting without
the consent of the victim: force is given a broad interpretation and includes
rendering the victim helpless 384 ». Le Tribunal a donc retenu, en partie, de
Furudzija, les éléments suivants:
(i) the sexual activity is accompanied by force or threat of force to
the victim or a third party; (ii) the sexual activity is accompanied by
force or a variety of other specified circumstances which made the
victim particularly vulnerable or negated her ability to make an
informed refusal 385 ; or (iii) the sexual activity occurs without the
consent of the victim 386 .
De plus, Foca a précisé certains éléments du mens rea: « The mens rea is the
intention to effect this sexual penetration, and the knowledge that it occurs
383 Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac Radomir Kovac et Zoran Vukovic, (2001), Affaire no IT-96-23-T&
IT-96-23/1-T, Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie, en ligne :
http://www.un.org/icty/kunarac/trialc2/judgement/kun-tj010222e.pdf , paragraphe 437.
384 Ibid, paragraphe 440.
385 Aussi l’incapacité de refuser pour des raisons circonstancielles ou physiques ou psychologiques:
The emphasis of such provisions is that the victim, because of an incapacity of an enduring or
qualitative nature (eg mental or physical illness, or the age of minority) or of a temporary or
circumstantial nature (eg being subjected to psychological pressure or otherwise in a state of
inability to resist) was unable to refuse to be subjected to the sexual acts. The key effect of factors
such as surprise, fraud or misrepresentation is that the victim was subjected to the act without the
opportunity for an informed or reasoned refusal. The common denominator underlying these
different circumstances is that they have the effect that the victim’s will was overcome or that her
ability freely to refuse the sexual acts was temporarily or more permanently negated. Ibid,
paragraphe 452.
386 Ibid, paragraphe 447.