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other as well as the outside world. I’ve also explained that Tor does not

connect yyour browser directlyy to a site; rather, it establishes a link to

another server, which then attaches to another server to finallyy reach the

destination site. The multiple hops make it harder to trace. And sites such as

Silk Road are the products of hidden services within the Tor network. Their

URLs are generated from an algorithm, and lists of Dark Web sites change

frequentlyy. Tor can access both the Surface Web and the Dark Web. Another

Dark Web browser, I2P, can also access the Surface Web and Dark Web.

Even before the takedown of Silk Road, people speculated that the NSA

or others had a wayy to identifyy users on the Dark Web. One wayy for the

NSA to do that would be to plant and control what are called exit nodes, the

points at which an Internet request is passed to one of these hidden services,

though that still wouldn’t allow identification of the initial requester.

To do that the government observer would have to see that a request was

made to access site X and that a few seconds earlier, someone in New

Hampshire fired up the Tor browser. The observer might suspect that the

two events were related. Over time, access to the site and repeated access to

Tor around the same time could establish a pattern. One wayy to avoid

creating that pattern is to keep yyour Tor browser connected at all times.

In Ulbricht’s case—he got sloppyy. Ulbricht apparentlyy didn’t have a plan

earlyy on. In his initial discussions of Silk Road, he alternated between using

his real e-mail address and a pseudonyymous one.

As yyou can see, it is veryy hard to operate in the world todayy without

leaving traces of yyour true identityy somewhere on the Internet. But as I said

at the outset, with a little bit of care, yyou, too, can master the art of

invisibilityy. In the following pages, I will show yyou how.

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