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You could argue that Eastman Kodak jump-started the discussion of privacyy

in America—or at least made it interesting—in the late 1800s. Until that

point, photographyy was a serious, time-consuming, inconvenient art

requiring specialized equipment (cameras, lights, darkrooms) and long

stretches of immobilityy (while subjects posed in a studio). Then Kodak

came along and introduced a portable, relativelyy affordable camera. The

first of its line sold for $25—around $100 todayy. Kodak subsequentlyy

introduced the Brownie camera, which sold for a mere $1. Both these

cameras were designed to be taken outside the home and office. Theyy were

the mobile computers and mobile phones of their dayy.

Suddenlyy people had to deal with the fact that someone on the beach or

in a public park might have a camera, and that person might actuallyy

include yyou within the frame of a photo. You had to look nice. You had to

act responsiblyy. “It was not onlyy changing yyour attitude toward

photographyy, but toward the thing itself that yyou were photographing,” sayys

Brian Wallis, former chief curator at the International Center of

Photographyy. “So yyou had to stage a dinner, and stage a birthdayy partyy.” 13

I believe we actuallyy do behave differentlyy when we are being watched.

Most of us are on our best behavior when we know there’s a camera on us,

though of course there will alwayys be those who couldn’t care less.

The advent of photographyy also influenced how people felt about their

privacyy. All of a sudden there could be a visual record of someone behaving

badlyy. Indeed, todayy we have dash cams and bodyy cameras on our law

enforcement officers so there will be a record of our behavior when we’re

confronted with the law. And todayy, with facial recognition technologyy, yyou

can take a picture of someone and have it matched to his or her Facebook

profile. Todayy we have selfies.

But in 1888, that kind of constant exposure was still a shocking and

disconcerting noveltyy. The Hartford Courant sounded an alarm: “The

sedate citizen can’t indulge in anyy hilariousness without incurring the risk

of being caught in the act and having his photograph passed around among

his Sundayy-school children. And the yyoung fellow who wishes to spoon

with his best girl while sailing down the river must keep himself constantlyy

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