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Receptores tipo Toll: entre el reconocimiento de lo

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INMUNOLOGÍA M. MESA-VILLANUEVA, P.J. PATIÑO<br />

trasmiten señales en respuesta a ligandos endógenos permiten<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>rar estas moléculas como receptores <strong>de</strong> <strong>reconocimiento</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> señales <strong>de</strong> p<strong>el</strong>igro sin importar cual sea su origen; pero<br />

a<strong>de</strong>más, pone <strong>de</strong> manifiesto <strong>el</strong> hecho <strong>de</strong> que la maquinaria<br />

<strong>de</strong> moléculas adaptadoras y <strong>de</strong> las vías <strong>de</strong> señalización <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>lo</strong>s TLR está exquisitamente diseñada para respon<strong>de</strong>r<br />

ante esas señales <strong>de</strong> p<strong>el</strong>igro <strong>de</strong> acuerdo con <strong>el</strong> patógeno o<br />

<strong>el</strong> ligando endógeno reconocido. Por esta razón <strong>lo</strong>s TLR y<br />

probablemente otros PRR se comporten como un puente<br />

que reconcilia las teorías <strong>de</strong> <strong>reconocimiento</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>lo</strong> propio no<br />

infeccioso y <strong>el</strong> mod<strong>el</strong>o d<strong>el</strong> p<strong>el</strong>igro.<br />

Por otro lado, las observaciones aún incipientes sobre<br />

las respuestas generadas mediante <strong>lo</strong>s TLR en células diferentes<br />

a las d<strong>el</strong> sistema inmune, plantea la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> empezar<br />

a consi<strong>de</strong>rar que cada una <strong>de</strong> las células d<strong>el</strong> hospe<strong>de</strong>ro hace<br />

parte <strong>de</strong> ese sistema inmune innato que aunque está en<br />

reposo en condiciones normales, mantiene una capacidad<br />

<strong>de</strong> respuesta inmediata para <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>rse <strong>de</strong> las agresiones<br />

no so<strong>lo</strong> d<strong>el</strong> medio externo, sino también d<strong>el</strong> interno.<br />

Incluso, se ha propuesto que tal vez <strong>lo</strong>s PRR no<br />

evolucionaron para unirse a patógenos, sino que por <strong>el</strong><br />

contrario <strong>lo</strong>s patógenos evolucionaron para unirse a <strong>el</strong><strong>lo</strong>s.<br />

Según este planteamiento, es posible que <strong>lo</strong>s TLR se hayan<br />

generado como receptores <strong>de</strong> señales <strong>de</strong> tejidos lesionados<br />

y que a través <strong>de</strong> la evolución <strong>lo</strong>s microorganismos hayan<br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrollado mecanismos para utilizar<strong>lo</strong>s como vehícu<strong>lo</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong> invasión para aumentar su propia sobreviva.<br />

CORRESPONDENCE TO:<br />

Martha Mesa-Villanueva, MSc,<br />

Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbio<strong>lo</strong>gía, Universidad Javeriana.<br />

Carrera 7 No. 43-82.<br />

Bogotá, Co<strong>lo</strong>mbia.<br />

Phone: 57 1 3208320, Ext 4153. Fax: 57 1 3208320, Ext 4022.<br />

email: mmesa@javeriana.edu.co<br />

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127

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