C I E N T Í F I C O - Universidad Manuela Beltran
C I E N T Í F I C O - Universidad Manuela Beltran C I E N T Í F I C O - Universidad Manuela Beltran
Tabla 4. Descripción de artículos con énfasis variables biomecánicas Observaciones Posición del tronco, Centro de Masa o Centro de Presión Velocidad (m/s) Efectos en la marcha Angulo Craneovertebral Distancia (m) o Tiempo (min, seg) N Cargas Posición de la carga (XC) Autores Edad (año), Sexo (F/M/A) 56 - 15-20% PC=  inclinación anterior del tronco 20 min 1,1 20% PC= doble apoyo, � tiempo de balanceo Maleta, simétrica 15 0, 10, 15 y 20% PC 17 10, 15 y 20% PC 10,3 (±0,26) Youlian Hong, Gert- Peter Brueggemann M 9.65 (±1.58) (2000) Comparación de datos en condición estática y dinámica 6 min A gusto del sujeto Alta, por encima de VT8 Baja, por debajo de VT9 Anterior y posterior del tronco, hombro derecho y hombro izquierdo. Maleta, Simétrica. Singh, T; Koh, M (2009) M También se midió la fuerza plantar 20% PC en carga alta y - 15-20% PC, condición dinámica= baja= � velocidad y la  cadencia inclinación anterior del tronco 20% PC carga baja= Carga Alta en condición estática= tiempo de doble apoyo  anterior tronco - - - - D AP, oscilación postural, con 15% PC en XC anterior y posterior D ML, no mostraron diferencias significativas para ninguna condición 1978 m A gusto del - inclinación anterior tronco con de sujeto la carga y de la distancia 30 5, 10 y 15% PC 10,7 (±1,35) A Rodrigues, S; Montebelo, M; Teodori, R. (2008) No ≠ S en el paso, la V y parámetros temporales en ninguna de las cargas Todos los datos, semejantes a 0% del PC 11 0, 10, 15 y 20% PC 9.43 (±0.51) Hong, Y; Cheung, C. (2003) M - A partir del 15% PC, inclinación anterior tronco - - 20% PC= fuerza de reacción del suelo 3 veces > que en 10% Maleta, Simétrica. 7 0, 10, 15 y 20% PC 9-11 años M Medición posición de marcadores en plano sagital. D “x” de los marcadores. VT7, VT12 y VL3. Maleta, Simétrica. 12-18 A 250 3, 5 y 10% PC Shasmin, H; Abu Osman, N; Razali, R; Usman, J; Wan Abas, W (2007) Grimmer y cols (2002) Marcadores a la altura de Creta iliaca y trocánter mayor, D en x con XC VT7 y 10% PC. En rodilla con XC L3 y 10% PC - - - Marcadores en cabeza, cuello y hombro. > D en x para cabeza y cuello con XC VT7 y 10% PC. Para hombros Universidad Manuela Beltrán con XC L3 y 10% PC - - Unilateral= elevación y retroposicionamiento del hombro, inclinación lateral del tronco Bilateral 8Kg= inclinación anterior del tronco, �  lordosis lumbar y cifosis. 12Kg= a datos A gusto del sujeto 30 min; 7 min por prueba 43 8 y 12 Kg Maleta: correas bilaterales y correa unilateral (solo 8 Kg). 12.5 (±0.5) Negrini, S; Negrini, A. (2007) A 15 min por prueba Maleta, Simétrica. 22 0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0% PC 13.4 (±1.1) F Chow, D; Kwok, M; Au-Yang, A; Holmes, A; Cheng, J; Yao, F; Wong, M. (2005) Del centro de presión se tomo el D AP y ML en tres cargas y dos dimensiones de la base de sustentación (regular= pies separados; reducida= pies juntos). ante 8Kg. A gusto del carga= de fuerza de - - sujeto reacción del suelo, �rango mov. Pelvis en plano frontal y transverso, grados en cadera plano sagital, tiempos de apoyo (doble y unilateral), y la V. Del centro - - > D AP = Mochila al 20% PC con de presión, base de sustentación regular y � proyección del > D ML = Maletín al 20% PC con centro de masa base de sustentación regular y � en la superficie > V AP y ML= Maletín al 20% PC con base de sustentación regular - - - - 10, 15 y 20%= inclinación anterior tronco (±3°). 45 seg por cada intento 90 min total de la prueba Maleta, mochila, maletin y bolso. 10 0%, 10% y 20% PC 24.5 (±3.27) A Ilyse Zultowski, Alexander Aruin (2008) Maleta, Simétrica. 19 0, 10, 15 y 20% PC 21 (±3) M Al-Khabbaz, Y; Shimada, T; Hasegawa, M. (2008) F=femenino, M=masculino, A=ambos; N=tamaño de muestra; PC=peso corporal; XC=posición de la carga; VT=vértebra torácica, VL=vértebra lumbar; ↑=aumenta, ↑=disminuye, >= mayor,
6. BIBLIOGRAFÍA UMBral científico 15 [1] M. Marzo and C. Viana Z. (Feb de 2009). Calidad de la evidencia y grado de recomendación. Guías Clínicas. [Online]. vol. 9 supl. 1:6, Available: http://www.fisterra.com/guias2/FMC/sintesis.asp [2] K. Grimmer, B. Dansie, S. Milanese, U. Pirunsan, and P. Trott. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders vol.3 no.10, 2002. [3] S. Abd. Rahman, A. Rambely and R. Ahmad. A Preliminary Studies on the Effects of Varying Backpack Loads on Trunk Inclination During Level Walking. European Journal of Scientific Research, vol.28 no.2, pp.294-300, 2009. [4] J. S. Garciaguirre, K. E. Adolph, and P. E. Shrout. Baby Carriage: Infants Walking With Loads. Child Development, vol. 78 no. 2, pp. 664–68, 2007. [5] I. Zultowski and A. Aruin. Carrying loads and postural sway in standing: The effect of load placement and magnitude. Work, vol.30, pp.359–368, 2008. [6] Y. Hong and G. Brueggemann. Changes in gait patterns in 10-year-old boys with increasing loads when walking on a treadmill. Gait and Posture, vol.11, pp. 254±259, 2000. [7] M. Foissaca, G. Y. Milleta, A. Geyssanta, P. Freychatb and A. Bellia. Characterization of the mechanical properties of backpacks and their influence on the energetics of walking. Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 42, Issue 2, pp.125-130, 2009. [8] H.W. Mackiea, S.J. Legg, J. Beadlea and D. Hedderleyc. Comparison of four different backpacks intended for school use. Applied Ergonomics, vol.34, pp. 257–264, 2003. [9] S. M. Fernandes, R. A. Casarotto, S. M. João. Efeitos de sessões educativas no uso das mochilas escolares em estudantes do ensino fundamental I. Rev Bras Fisioter, vol.12 no.6, pp. 447-453, 2008. [10] K. Stuempfle, D. Drury and A. Wilson. Effect of load position on physiological and perceptual responses during load carriage with an internal frame backpack. Ergonomics, vol.47 no.7, pp.784–789, 2004. [11] T. Singh and M. Koh, Effects of backpack load position on spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean. Gait & Posture, vol.29, pp. 49–53, 2009. [12] D. Abe, K. Yanagawa and S. Niihata. Effects of load carriage, load position, and walking speed on energy cost of walking. Applied Ergonomics, vol.35, pp. 329–335, 2004. [13] H. Brackley and J. Stevenson. Are Children’s Backpack Weight Limits Enough? A Critical Review of the Relevant Literature. SPINE, vol.29 no.19, pp. 2184–2190, 2004. [14] P. Fiolkowski, M. Horodyski, M. Bishop, M. Williams, and L. Stylianou. Changes in gait kinematics and posture with the use of a front pack. Ergonomics, vol. 49 no. 9, pp.885 – 894, 2006. [15] S. Legg and C. Cruz. Effect of single and double strap backpacks on lung function. ERGONOMICS, vol.47 no. 3, pp. 318–323, 2004. [16] D. Abe, S. Muraki and A. Yasukouchi. Ergonomic effects of load carriage on the upper and lower back on metabolic energy cost of walking. Applied Ergonomics, vol.39, pp.392–398, 2008. [17] G. Bastien, B. Schepens, P. Willems and N. Heglund. Picking the best speed-load combination in backpack load carrying. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomédical Engineering, Supplement 1, pp.19- 20, 2005. [18] S. Forjuoh. School backpack weights: a survey of students in Ghana, Guatemala and the USA. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, vol. 11 no. 4, pp. 287–289, 2004. [19] B. Smith, K. Ashton, D. Bohl, R. Clark, B. Metheny and S. Klassen. Influence of carrying a backpack on pelvic tilt, rotation, and obliquity in female college students. Gait & Posture, vol.23 issue3, pp. 263-267, 2006. [20] C. Devroey, I. Jonkers, A. Becker, G. Lenaerts, G and A. Spaepen. Evaluation of the effect of Backpack load and position during standing and walking using biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures. Ergonomics, vol. 50 no. 5, pp. 728–742, 2007. [21] Y. Hong and C. Cheung. Gait and posture responses to Backpack load during level walking in children. Gait and Posture, vol.17, pp. 28-33, 2003. [22] S. Negrini and A. Negrini. Postural effects of symmetrical and asymmetrical loads on the spines of schoolchildren. Scoliosis, vol.2:8, 2007. [23] Y. Al-Khabbaz, T. Shimada and M. Hasegawa. The effect of backpack heaviness on trunk-lower extremity muscle activities and trunk posture. Gait & Posture, vol.28, pp. 297–302, 2008. [24] D. Chow, M. Kwok, A. Au-Yang, A. Holmes, J. Cheng, F. Yao and M. Wong. The effect of backpack load on the gait of normal adolescent girls. Ergonomics, vol.48 no. 6, pp. 642– 656, 2005. [25] S. Murphya, P. Buckleb and D. Stubbsb. A cross-sectional study of self-reported back and neck pain among English schoolchildren and associated physical and psychological risk factors. Applied Ergonomics, vol.38, pp. 797-804, 2007. [26] C. M. Cavallo, T. M. Hlavaty and M. Gale. A pilot study for the development of a primary prevention program: What is the average weight of a fourth grader’s backpack?. Work, vol.20, pp. 137–158, 2003. [27] S. A. Goodgold and D. Nielsen. Effectiveness of a school-based backpack health promotion program: Backpack Intelligence. Work, vol.21, pp.113–123, 2003. [28] H. Chiang, K. Jacobs and G. Orsmond. Gender-age environmental associates of middle school students’ low back pain. Work, vol.26, pp.19– 28, 2006. [29] K. D. Watson, A. C. Papageorgioua, G.T. Jonesa, S. Taylor, D. P.M. Symmonsa, A. J. Silmana, G. J. Macfarlane. Low back pain in schoolchildren: occurrence and characteristics. Pain, vol. 97, pp.87– 92, 2002. [30] D. Chow, K. Leung and A. Holmes. Changes in spinal curvature and proprioception of schoolboys carrying different weights of backpack. Ergonomics, vol.50 no.12, pp.2148–2156, 2007. [31] Y. Hong, J. Xian Li, A. Shun Ki Wong and P. Robinson. Effects of load carriage on heart rate, blood pressure and energy expenditure in children. Ergonomics, vol.43 no.6, pp.717±727, 2000. [32] Y. Hong and J. Xian Li. Influence of load and carrying methods on gait phase and ground reactions in children’s stair walking. Gait & Posture, vol.22, pp.63–68, 2005. [33] D. Chow, M. Kwok, A. Au-Yang, A. Holmes, J. Cheng, F. Yao, M. Wong and M. Lao. The effect of backpack weight on the standing posture and balance of schoolgirls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and normal controls. Gait & Posture, vol.24, pp.173–181, 2006. [34] H. Shasmin, N. Abu Osman, R. Razali, J. Usman and W. Wan Abas. The effect of load carriage among primary school boys: a preliminary study. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, vol.7 no. 3, pp.265–274, 2007. [35] J. Xian Li, Y. Hong and P. Robinson. The effect of load carriage on movement kinematics and respiratory parameters in children during walking. Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.90, pp.35–43, 2003. [36] R. Motmans, S. Tomlow and D. Vissers. Trunk muscle activity in different modes of carrying schoolbags. Ergonomics, vol.49 no. 2, pp.127–138, 2006. [37] M. Reneman, B. Poels, J. Geertzen and P. Dijikstra. Back pain and backpacks in children: Biomedical or biopsychosocial model?. Disability and Rehabilitation, vol.28 no.20, pp.1293 – 1297, 2006. [38] J. Piscione and D. Gamet. Effect of mechanical compression due to load carrying on shoulder muscle fatigue during sustained isometric arm abduction: an electromyographic study. Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.97, pp.573–581, 2006. [39] Y. Wang, D. Pascoe and W. Weimar. Evaluation of book backpack load during walking. Ergonomics, vol.44 no. 9, pp.858 ± 869, 2001. [40] T. Singh and M. Koh. Lower limb dynamics change for children while walking with backpack loads to modulates shock transmission to the head. Journal of Biomechanics vol.42, pp.736–742, 2009. [41] N. Palumbo, B. George, A. Johnson and D. Cade. The effects of backpack load carrying on dynamic balance as measured by limits of stability. Work 16 (2001) 123–129, 2001. [42] E. Steele, A. Bialocerkowski and K. Grimmer. The postural effects of load carriage on young people – a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol.4 no.12, 2003. [43] B. H. Jacobson, D. A. Cook, T.S. Altena, H.A. Gemmell and B. M. Hayes. Comparison of perceived comfort differences between standard and experimental load carriage systems. Ergonomics, vol.46 no.10, pp.1035 – 1041, 2006. [44] H. W. Mackie, S. J. Legg and J. Beadle. Development of activity monitoring for determining load carriage patterns in school students. Work, vol22, pp. 231–237, 2004. [45] G. Martínez-crespo, M. Rodríguez-piñero Durán, A. I. López- Salguero, M. J. Zarco-Periñan, T. Ibáñez-Campos y C. Echevarría-Ruiz de Vargas. Dolor de espalda en adolescentes: prevalencia y factores 57
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6. BIBLIOGRAF<strong>Í</strong>A<br />
UMBral científico 15<br />
[1] M. Marzo and C. Viana Z. (Feb de 2009). Calidad de la evidencia y<br />
grado de recomendación. Guías Clínicas. [Online]. vol. 9 supl. 1:6,<br />
Available: http://www.fisterra.com/guias2/FMC/sintesis.asp<br />
[2] K. Grimmer, B. Dansie, S. Milanese, U. Pirunsan, and P. Trott.<br />
Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised<br />
controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders vol.3<br />
no.10, 2002.<br />
[3] S. Abd. Rahman, A. Rambely and R. Ahmad. A Preliminary Studies on<br />
the Effects of Varying Backpack Loads on Trunk Inclination During<br />
Level Walking. European Journal of Scientific Research, vol.28 no.2,<br />
pp.294-300, 2009.<br />
[4] J. S. Garciaguirre, K. E. Adolph, and P. E. Shrout. Baby Carriage:<br />
Infants Walking With Loads. Child Development, vol. 78 no. 2, pp.<br />
664–68, 2007.<br />
[5] I. Zultowski and A. Aruin. Carrying loads and postural sway in<br />
standing: The effect of load placement and magnitude. Work, vol.30,<br />
pp.359–368, 2008.<br />
[6] Y. Hong and G. Brueggemann. Changes in gait patterns in 10-year-old<br />
boys with increasing loads when walking on a treadmill. Gait and<br />
Posture, vol.11, pp. 254±259, 2000.<br />
[7] M. Foissaca, G. Y. Milleta, A. Geyssanta, P. Freychatb and A. Bellia.<br />
Characterization of the mechanical properties of backpacks and their<br />
influence on the energetics of walking. Journal of Biomechanics, vol.<br />
42, Issue 2, pp.125-130, 2009.<br />
[8] H.W. Mackiea, S.J. Legg, J. Beadlea and D. Hedderleyc. Comparison of<br />
four different backpacks intended for school use. Applied Ergonomics,<br />
vol.34, pp. 257–264, 2003.<br />
[9] S. M. Fernandes, R. A. Casarotto, S. M. João. Efeitos de sessões<br />
educativas no uso das mochilas escolares em estudantes do ensino<br />
fundamental I. Rev Bras Fisioter, vol.12 no.6, pp. 447-453, 2008.<br />
[10] K. Stuempfle, D. Drury and A. Wilson. Effect of load position on<br />
physiological and perceptual responses during load carriage with an<br />
internal frame backpack. Ergonomics, vol.47 no.7, pp.784–789, 2004.<br />
[11] T. Singh and M. Koh, Effects of backpack load position on<br />
spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean. Gait & Posture,<br />
vol.29, pp. 49–53, 2009.<br />
[12] D. Abe, K. Yanagawa and S. Niihata. Effects of load carriage, load<br />
position, and walking speed on energy cost of walking. Applied<br />
Ergonomics, vol.35, pp. 329–335, 2004.<br />
[13] H. Brackley and J. Stevenson. Are Children’s Backpack Weight Limits<br />
Enough? A Critical Review of the Relevant Literature. SPINE, vol.29<br />
no.19, pp. 2184–2190, 2004.<br />
[14] P. Fiolkowski, M. Horodyski, M. Bishop, M. Williams, and L.<br />
Stylianou. Changes in gait kinematics and posture with the use of a<br />
front pack. Ergonomics, vol. 49 no. 9, pp.885 – 894, 2006.<br />
[15] S. Legg and C. Cruz. Effect of single and double strap backpacks on<br />
lung function. ERGONOMICS, vol.47 no. 3, pp. 318–323, 2004.<br />
[16] D. Abe, S. Muraki and A. Yasukouchi. Ergonomic effects of load<br />
carriage on the upper and lower back on metabolic energy cost of<br />
walking. Applied Ergonomics, vol.39, pp.392–398, 2008.<br />
[17] G. Bastien, B. Schepens, P. Willems and N. Heglund. Picking the best<br />
speed-load combination in backpack load carrying. Computer Methods<br />
in Biomechanics and Biomédical Engineering, Supplement 1, pp.19-<br />
20, 2005.<br />
[18] S. Forjuoh. School backpack weights: a survey of students in Ghana,<br />
Guatemala and the USA. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, vol. 11<br />
no. 4, pp. 287–289, 2004.<br />
[19] B. Smith, K. Ashton, D. Bohl, R. Clark, B. Metheny and S. Klassen.<br />
Influence of carrying a backpack on pelvic tilt, rotation, and obliquity<br />
in female college students. Gait & Posture, vol.23 issue3, pp. 263-267,<br />
2006.<br />
[20] C. Devroey, I. Jonkers, A. Becker, G. Lenaerts, G and A. Spaepen.<br />
Evaluation of the effect of Backpack load and position during standing<br />
and walking using biomechanical, physiological and subjective<br />
measures. Ergonomics, vol. 50 no. 5, pp. 728–742, 2007.<br />
[21] Y. Hong and C. Cheung. Gait and posture responses to Backpack load<br />
during level walking in children. Gait and Posture, vol.17, pp. 28-33,<br />
2003.<br />
[22] S. Negrini and A. Negrini. Postural effects of symmetrical and<br />
asymmetrical loads on the spines of schoolchildren. Scoliosis, vol.2:8,<br />
2007.<br />
[23] Y. Al-Khabbaz, T. Shimada and M. Hasegawa. The effect of backpack<br />
heaviness on trunk-lower extremity muscle activities and trunk posture.<br />
Gait & Posture, vol.28, pp. 297–302, 2008.<br />
[24] D. Chow, M. Kwok, A. Au-Yang, A. Holmes, J. Cheng, F. Yao and M.<br />
Wong. The effect of backpack load on the gait of normal adolescent<br />
girls. Ergonomics, vol.48 no. 6, pp. 642– 656, 2005.<br />
[25] S. Murphya, P. Buckleb and D. Stubbsb. A cross-sectional study<br />
of self-reported back and neck pain among English schoolchildren<br />
and associated physical and psychological risk factors. Applied<br />
Ergonomics, vol.38, pp. 797-804, 2007.<br />
[26] C. M. Cavallo, T. M. Hlavaty and M. Gale. A pilot study for the<br />
development of a primary prevention program: What is the average<br />
weight of a fourth grader’s backpack?. Work, vol.20, pp. 137–158, 2003.<br />
[27] S. A. Goodgold and D. Nielsen. Effectiveness of a school-based<br />
backpack health promotion program: Backpack Intelligence. Work,<br />
vol.21, pp.113–123, 2003.<br />
[28] H. Chiang, K. Jacobs and G. Orsmond. Gender-age environmental<br />
associates of middle school students’ low back pain. Work, vol.26, pp.19–<br />
28, 2006.<br />
[29] K. D. Watson, A. C. Papageorgioua, G.T. Jonesa, S. Taylor, D. P.M.<br />
Symmonsa, A. J. Silmana, G. J. Macfarlane. Low back pain in<br />
schoolchildren: occurrence and characteristics. Pain, vol. 97, pp.87–<br />
92, 2002.<br />
[30] D. Chow, K. Leung and A. Holmes. Changes in spinal curvature and<br />
proprioception of schoolboys carrying different weights of backpack.<br />
Ergonomics, vol.50 no.12, pp.2148–2156, 2007.<br />
[31] Y. Hong, J. Xian Li, A. Shun Ki Wong and P. Robinson. Effects of<br />
load carriage on heart rate, blood pressure and energy expenditure in<br />
children. Ergonomics, vol.43 no.6, pp.717±727, 2000.<br />
[32] Y. Hong and J. Xian Li. Influence of load and carrying methods on gait<br />
phase and ground reactions in children’s stair walking. Gait & Posture,<br />
vol.22, pp.63–68, 2005.<br />
[33] D. Chow, M. Kwok, A. Au-Yang, A. Holmes, J. Cheng, F. Yao, M.<br />
Wong and M. Lao. The effect of backpack weight on the standing<br />
posture and balance of schoolgirls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis<br />
and normal controls. Gait & Posture, vol.24, pp.173–181, 2006.<br />
[34] H. Shasmin, N. Abu Osman, R. Razali, J. Usman and W. Wan Abas.<br />
The effect of load carriage among primary school boys: a preliminary<br />
study. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, vol.7 no. 3,<br />
pp.265–274, 2007.<br />
[35] J. Xian Li, Y. Hong and P. Robinson. The effect of load carriage on<br />
movement kinematics and respiratory parameters in children during<br />
walking. Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.90, pp.35–43, 2003.<br />
[36] R. Motmans, S. Tomlow and D. Vissers. Trunk muscle activity in<br />
different modes of carrying schoolbags. Ergonomics, vol.49 no. 2,<br />
pp.127–138, 2006.<br />
[37] M. Reneman, B. Poels, J. Geertzen and P. Dijikstra. Back pain and<br />
backpacks in children: Biomedical or biopsychosocial model?.<br />
Disability and Rehabilitation, vol.28 no.20, pp.1293 – 1297, 2006.<br />
[38] J. Piscione and D. Gamet. Effect of mechanical compression due to<br />
load carrying on shoulder muscle fatigue during sustained isometric<br />
arm abduction: an electromyographic study. Eur J Appl Physiol,<br />
vol.97, pp.573–581, 2006.<br />
[39] Y. Wang, D. Pascoe and W. Weimar. Evaluation of book backpack load<br />
during walking. Ergonomics, vol.44 no. 9, pp.858 ± 869, 2001.<br />
[40] T. Singh and M. Koh. Lower limb dynamics change for children while<br />
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