Revista Korpus 21 - Volumen 2 Número 4 - Sobre las olas del feminismo

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KORPUS 21, VOL. 2, NÚM. 4, 2021, 201-218 tional institutions such as the United Nations and the NGO-ization of global feminism, both of which offered important material support for women’s activism. This process had started in earnest during the planning and execution of the 1975 conference and marked the shift from the dominance of NGOs that enjoyed consultative status with the UN to a new brand of activist NGOs that drew together activists and resources from around the world to focus on issue-specific programs. Feminist scholars have, for nearly two decades, debated the impact of the NGO “boom” on women’s activism, particularly in poorer communities. These debates drew critical attention outside strictly scholarly circles as well. Cecilia Olivares, an editor of the Mexican feminist journal Debate feminista, explains that one of the journal’s hottest-selling issues centered on a roundtable about NGO funding, which she describes as “a polemical topic like few others within the [feminist] movement” (Olivares Mansuy, 2004: 77). For a consideration and reconsideration of the NGO-ization of Latin American feminism, see (Alvarez, 2009). The civil-society organizations that stepped forward in response to the 1980s structural-adjustment programs and the 1985 Mexico City earthquake emerged not as a spontaneous irruption of civil society but rather from networks born during the 1975 International Women’s Year and nurtured on the leftist politics and cosmopolitan lifestyles of Mexico’s feminist activists. The publication La Correa Feminista exemplifies how these three issues articulated by the 1990s. Started in 1991 by the Mexico City-based Centro de Investigación y Capacitación de la Mujer (CICAM), an organization funded by a feminist NGO connected with Germany’s Green Party, the magazine was most closely identified with its principal editor: the Bolivian-born, Chilean-raised, Mexico-adopting lesbian feminist Ximena Bedregal. La Correa grew amid critiques of foreign NGOs’ mounting influence over local and regional feminist organizations; by the early 1990s, it had gained regional recognition as one of the most vocal critics of NGO-ization (Rivera López, 2010; see also Biron, 1996). The magazine published trenchant critiques of neoliberalism and capitalist development models, lambasted militarism along with ongoing human-rights abuses (including the Mexican government’s response to the 1994 Zapatista uprising), and, above all, the institutionalization of feminism that blunted its critical impact. Perhaps unsurprisingly, by 1998 the editors of La Correa found they could no longer sustain these contradictions. The magazine required external financing that it could not obtain in Mexico, particularly given its pointed critique of the PRI. Although the editors insisted that they remained completely autonomous, they felt that editorial consistency required them to renounce NGO funding; the magazine promptly was dissolved. Bedregal moved her activism on-line and for six years wrote a regular feminist column for La Jornada entitled “Triple Jornada”. In many ways, Bedregal’s career (her ridículum vitae, as she calls it) captures IWY’s legacies for Mexican feminism –the prominent role of lesbian activists and cosmopolitan intellectuals, the ambivalent embrace of NGOs and antipathy toward the state, and the efforts to commandeer mass media to feminist ends. But the La Correa Feminista also illustrated the ways that feminist movements never escaped their geopolitical context. Much as Echeverría sought a place on the world stage, casting Mexico in the role of the leading Third Worldist man battling the imperialist villains, Carlos Salinas de Gortari –eying the leadership of the World Trade Organization rather than the United Nations– reprised Mexico’s role, playing it this time as a neoliberal free-trader, offering NAFTA in lieu of the Carta Echeverría. Similarly, Mexican civil society –the heroines of the 1970s performance bravely struggling against a repressive regime– by the 1990s found themselves cast as the handmaiden of neoliberalism that helped to usher in the policies of structural adjustment, even as feminist efforts from neighborhood organizations to transnational networks forged 213
JOCELYN OLCOTT, SURFING THE NEW WAVE: INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S YEAR AND THE GEOPOLITICS OF 1970S MEXICAN FEMINISM thoroughgoing critiques of neoliberal policies, continuing to use the United Nations as both foil and ally. References Archival Material AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (w.d.), “Colecciones Particulares”, Grupo Clementina Batalla de Bassols, Vol. 2, Exp. 9, Fs. 31-32. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975a), “Letter from Lic. Mario Moya Palencia”, October 26, Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS), Exp. 44-1-74, Leg. 5, pp. 241-242. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975b), Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS), Vol. 9-342-75, Exp. 5. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975c), “Conferencia Mundial del Año Internacional de la Mujer”, June 25, DFS, Exp. 9-342-75, Leg. 7, pp. 83-88. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975d), “Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (IPS) report”, June 19, Caja 1163-A, Vol. 1, pp. 159-165. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975e), “Conferencia Mundial del Año Internacional de la Mujer”, June 25, DFS, Exp. 9-342-75, Leg. 7, pp. 155-160. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975f), “Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (IPS) report”, June 29, Caja 1163-A, Vol. 1, pp. 579-586. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975g), “Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (IPS) report”, June 24, Caja 1163-A, Vol. 1, pp. 370-371. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975h), “Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (IPS) report”, June 27, Caja 1163-A, Vol. 1, pp. 520-552. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975i), “Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (IPS) report”, June 29, Caja 1163-A, Vol. 1, pp. 587-590. AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) (1975j), “Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (IPS) report”, July 2, Exp. 100-10-1-75, Leg. 53, p. 269. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women (1975), “Lucile K.S. Longview Papers”, Box 2, Folder 2. Elizabeth Reid papers, Australian National University, folder 87. Intelligence Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency (1975), “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-76”, Vol. E-14, Part I, Doc. 20, Washington, February 11. Lane, Bettye (w.d.), “Mexican women demonstrate for family planning information”, Bettye Lane Photo Collection, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Durham, Duke University. Bibliography Acevedo, Marta (2000), “Salario por trabajo doméstico”, Debate Feminista, 22, Mexico City, UNAM-Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios de Género, pp. 62-75. Alvarez, Sonia E. (2009), “Beyond NGO-ization? Reflections from Latin America”, Development, 52, Rome, Society for International Development, pp. 175-84. Anonymous (1975a), “Lib in a land of macho”, Newsweek, July 7, New York, Enveritas Group, p. 28. Anonymous (1975b), “Declaración del presidente Echeverría”, México75: Año Internacional de la Mujer, 1 (1), January, Mexico City, p. 1. Anonymous (1975c), “Interrumpieron el Acto 200 Mujeres”, Excélsior, June 20, Mexico City, Cooperativa Excélsior, pp. 1-A, 20-A. 214
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Revista Korpus 21 - Volumen 2 Número 4 - Sobre las olas del feminismo

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