CELERINET AÑO 7 VOL 2

ISSN 2395-8359
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN - FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS
YEAR 7
No. 2
JULY – DECEMBER 2019
MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, COMPUTER SCIENCE, ASTROPHYSICS

Published by the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
Ing. Rogelio Guillermo Garza Rivera
Rector
Dr. Santos Guzmán López
Secretario General
M.A. Emilia Edith Vásquez Farías
Academic Secretary
Dr. Celso José Garza Acuña
Secretary of Cultural Affairs
Lic. Antonio Ramos Revillas
Publications Director
Dr. Atilano Martínez Huerta
Director of the Facultad de Ciencias
Físico Matemáticas
Dr. Álvaro Eduardo Cordero Franco
Editor in Chief
M.A. Alma Patricia Calderón Martínez
Editors
Dr. Juan Pablo Salinas Estevane
Dr. Diana Marahí Alanis Silva
Dr. Ángel Salvador Pérez Blanco
Osvaldo Gutiérrez Esparza
Jonathan Gerardo Martínez Quiroz
Dr. Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova
Collaborators
Dr. Álvaro Eduardo Cordero Franco
Dr. José Apolinar Loyola Rodríguez
M.C. Azucena Yoloxóchitl Ríos Mercado
M.A. Alma Patricia Calderón Martínez
Dra. Perla Marlene Viera González
Editorial Committee
Cristina Elizabeth Ballesteros Santos
Miriam Aracely Martínez Esparza
Editorial Design
Celerinet, Year 7, No. 2, July-December. Published on: December 20th, 2019.
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Editor in Chief: Dr. Álvaro Eduardo Cordero Franco. Exclusive Rights Number 04-2014-102111595700-203 licenced
by the Instituto Nacional de Derechos de Autor. ISSN 2395-8359. Responsible for last update: Unidad Informática,
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The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the Editors’ views. The partial or total reproduction
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All rights reserved © Copyright 2019 celerinet@uanl.mx

INDEX
1
8
ECONOPHYSICS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS: A NEW
PERSPECTIVE IN ECONOMICS
MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES WITH IRON PARTICLES
AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SOLVE OIL SPILLS
16
Au PARTICLES DEPOSITION ON NaCl SUBSTRATES

RESEARCH PAPERS
ARTÍCULOS DE
INVESTIGACIÓN

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
ECONOPHYSICS AND FINANCIAL
MARKETS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE IN
ECONOMICS
ECONOFÍSICA Y EL MERCADO
FINANCIERO: UNA NUEVA
PERSPECTIVA EN ECONOMÍA
Osvaldo Gutiérrez Esparza
UANL - FCFM in San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
ABSTRACT
The evolution of the economy and political thought, has resulted in a whole new set of thoughts
about what is considered right to do, about what should be fair for all people, and more notably,
about how the world should work. The laws, which must be fair, on human behavior in all its
economic activities. Moreover, a substantially important aspect is that ideologies carry more
weight than evidence. The basis on which the economic models are not constituted of an objective
nature; instead, they are a whole set of ideologies about what is believed to be right about what
is believed to be true. The economy, like social science, can have a bad reputation due to the
subjective blocks of knowledge that compose it. However, for a few decades a new field intends
to give the economy a more axiomatized course, to treat the complex system that the economy
and the world is, to give a structured and objective course to the behavior of the financial world.
Keywords: Econophysics, markets, heterodox thought
RESUMEN
La evolución de la economía, y del pensamiento político, ha dado como resultado toda una
nueva serie de pensamientos sobre lo que se considera correcto hacer, sobre lo que debería ser lo
justo para todas las personas, y de manera más notoria, sobre como el mundo debería funcionar.
Las leyes, las cuales deben ser realmente justas, sobre el comportamiento humano en todas sus
actividades económicas. Más, un aspecto sustancialmente importante es el de que las ideologías
tienen mayor peso que las pruebas. La base con la que están constituidos los modelos económicos
no son de índole objetiva, sino, que son todo un conjunto de ideologías sobre lo que se cree
correcto, sobre lo que se cree que es verdad. La economía, como ciencia social, puede llegar tener
una mala reputación debido a su subjetividad, debido a los bloques subjetivos del conocimiento
que la componen. Pero, desde hace unas décadas un campo nuevo pretende dar a la economía un
rumbo más axiomatizado, tratar el sistema complejo que la economía y el mundo es, para darle un
rumbo estructurado y realmente objetivo al funcionamiento del mundo financiero.
Palabras clave: Econofísica, mercados, pensamiento heterodoxo
Gutiérrez, O. (2019). Econophysics and Financial Markets: A New Perspective in Economics. Celerinet. 7(2), 1-7.
1

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
INTRODUCTION
There are different points of view on how
financial markets should work and on what
people should do, from an economic perspective,
so that everything works in a kind of balance.
There are so many economic models, based
on ideologies that try to say what the society
would work for, which would be correct.
Moreover, the dawn of economic thought
could not be established frankly, but, if it were
possible to establish dates, establish moments at
which economic activities began to be structured,
it would be a more detailed science. But the
true is that there is not an objective knowledge
about economics, just a few publications that
actually tries to structure all about economics
thoughts, like the publication of Adam Smith’s
work, entitled: An investigation into the nature
and causes of the wealth of nations.
Over time, the dedication to translating into
mathematical margins, not only philosophical
and subjective, is born as a society,
economically, behaves and the possibility of
giving a structure to economic thinking. That
is how it appears econometrics, a science that
uses probability and statistical methods applied
to economic situations, and the results give
data that orthodox thinking would not. Over
time, the axiomatization of economic thought,
a heterodox perspective, continues how
economic activities behave. For 20 years, there
is a new field of economics, which extracts
concepts of physics to build in more accurately,
this through mathematical bases, which allow a
foundation of various branches and concepts of
economics, such as exemplify: bond markets,
currency markets. On the other hand, what was
considered as sitting, it is possible to glimpse
it no longer in a purely ideological way, but,
objectively. Econophysics drives the efforts of
a purely unprejudiced economic system that
works for everyone, but most importantly, that
truly works and gives a complete understanding
of how the financial markets and the economy
in general work.
A BIT OF HISTORY ABOUT
ECONOMICS THOUGHTS AROUND
ECONOMIC MODELS
Before talking about bond markets,
currency markets, financial instruments, stock
exchanges, stock market index, economic
crashes, and especially econophysics, it is
necessary to give a historical review of certain
events that have led to forming the science
that today is the economy. This, because first,
we must properly understand what we want
to give a new way to understand and face it.
Starting from the econophysics would mean not
entering the subject in question, since there is a
motivating reason why the need arises to apply
physics in financial markets and the economy
in general. Restricting the subject to talk only
about econophysics, without first calling into
question certain matters of vital importance,
would be like talking about the current model
of the atom, quantum physics, without ever
mentioning the models before the current
one, would be not seeing the whole series of
advances and needs that have given way to the
creation of a new path.
Therefore, it is necessary to take a brief
look at the economy and what it has given
to the behavior of society [1]. It is necessary
to talk about the “Philosophiæ naturalis”
(Principia Mathematica), Newton’s work, in
which he establishes several of his discoveries
of mechanics and astronomy. Work published
around 1687, which marks a new way of seeing
the world. This work shows the possibility of
condensing the behavior of the celestial vault
to words written on sheets, to give an objective
explanation about the behavior of celestial
objects. Leaving ideologies aside and giving
way to evidence, to objective mathematical
structures on how something works.
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RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
Adam Smith, the father of modern economics,
publishes his great work: An investigation
into the nature and causes of the wealth of
nations. Work with which he tries to do the
same as Newton [2], giving an objective basis
to economic behavior. Moreover, this base is
supported by ideologies, not by mathematical
proofs. Although, they are bases that agree with
the observation, Smith brings together a whole
series of phenomena of economic interest,
thus giving way to a whole series of thoughts
that would form economic models with which
nations govern the economic behavior of a
country [3].
Capitalism, an economic model, based on
Smith’s thinking, and based on many other
economists works. But, all these models,
not only the capitalist but models such as
communism, socialism, and others. They
are based on limited observations and moral
theories about how a person behaves.
The limitations I refer to are the kind of
limitations that make economics a social
science and not as an exact science. That is, the
mere fact of observing the economic activity of
a region does not guarantee the real economic
functioning of such a phenomenon. This is due
to observations that have an ideological starting
point, in other words, that the phenomena that
are observed in a set of previous ideologies put
into action.
Which, for an economic observer with claims
to systematize economic thinking, the only
thing he does when carrying out such activity,
is nothing more than to glimpse the economic
behavior of a region, but not a universal
behavior, or rather, a behavior objective. Such
is the fundamental question of why economics
is a social science, because ideologies have a
higher weight than evidence.
With such thoughts, the economic models
that govern the world today have been built. At
the same time, the evolution of world policies
and the events that shape human thought have
resulted in more complex economic systems.
This refers to the interdependence that exists
today between the economies of other countries.
The Asian policies with those of the West, the
socialist policies of the big manufacturing
corporations with the American capitalist
companies. The companies are good examples
of the interdependence.
World globalization has resulted in more
complexity of economic structure and
knowledge about how things should work. The
interdependence that the world has reach now,
throws new variables about the beliefs in the
economics models and what means a stable
economic model, that economic ideas cannot
be something seated or absolute.
But, that over time, like the growth of
economic complexity, the number of new tools
that need to observe the economy, not with
ideological and subjective bases, but, lay the
economic structures in mathematical bases that
are universal, surpassing the ideological ones.
The economist manifesto:
As mentioned before, throughout the history
of the world, various ideologies have been
revealed that try to stand out among others.
The word capitalism resonates in a tone about
corporate cruelty, while the word communism
resonates as a synonym for poverty and lack of
freedom.
Moreover, such questions is one of the
purposes to be eradicated by econophysics,
not to depend on ideological perspectives
that govern how economic activities should
be carried out and how something should be,
simply because of belonging to a region of the
world in the one that think in something that
is truth just because the people of that region
thinks what is true or not, something merely
subjective.
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CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
THE COMPLEXITY OF FINANCIAL
MARKETS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF A
CRASH
Financial markets: Within the financial
markets, economic activities of all kinds are
carried out, many financial movements, at the
same time, many usable financial tools. The
financial markets is an excellent example of what
a complex system means. These, depending on
economic activities, individual or group, form
a network in which all economic activities
influence each other, making financial markets
a network of global economic interdependence.
Which shows a risk and advantage. Therefore,
understanding their behavior has been led
by orthodox thoughts, which do not yield a
real functioning but subjective and based on
historical material; therefore, it is not possible
to understand the financial market. On the other
hand, econophysics exalts the possibility of
understanding phenomena that were previously
considered as inexplicable, this, starting with a
base on which analogies and physical models
are formed, which can be described with
certainty and give a reasonable understanding
of the effects that economic activities can have
on others.
Orthodox though: The currents of thought
that control the course of all economic events
have been the same since long ago. Financial
markets are a product of the evolution of
economic thought. More, such knowledge and
its application, of what the economy and all
economic activities are, is too cyclical. Such
affirmation is demonstrated by the failures of
the economic models that govern the world
since the economic thought exists and now
in our times, where there are bond markets,
currency markets, and securities.
How a physics law can be used to explain
an economic-social system: Is necessary to
looking for analogies in physics that can be
relate to a similar behavior in economics. For
example, the idea about the autoregulation of
the markets and the efficiency, can be relate
to thermodynamics. Also, the analogies relate
to the commercial activities between two
countries. But, most important, the truly impact
and innovation is when the math applied in
physics apply to key concepts in economics, for
example: bond markets.
The axiomatization of the stock market:
The mathematical tendencies of axiomatizing,
at the same time, systematizing, social
phenomena, has been of great scientific interest
at every moment of history. This interest, in
systematizing social phenomena, has result
in many tools to use in a lot of economics
activities. The mathematical advance has caused
the growth in the mathematical developments
linked to express, in simple terms, economic
and social phenomena. This ranges from
expressions related to the production of goods,
as shown in the next equation:
CM=CT/dQ (1)
This means that the marginal cost function
CM can be expressed as the derivative of the
total cost CT with respect to the quantity Q.
Likewise, an inexorable interest on the part of
traditionalist economic thought must be strictly
at least in terms of quantifiable data, based on
mathematical expressions. An example related
to financial markets, more specifically, to Total
Stock Return. This is the equation used:
(2)
Where P0 is the initial price of value, P1 is
the final price of value and D is the dividend
However, having mathematical tools is
inexorably part of the progress of economic
sciences in recent decades. Moreover, these
tools, those shown above, do not throw anything
4

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
new into a better understanding of economic
behavior, but rather, which are equations that
are used daily in activities in such fields. In
other words, they are the result of traditionalist
economic ideologies. It is necessary to support
them with mathematical bases that allow us to
understand the evolution that the financial world
has had. More, really, they show nothing more
than simple elements of the field of economics.
Econometrics: On the other hand, more
complex expressions are shown from the
advances that econometrics has produced,
being this field in which a greater extension of
mathematical tools and fields are used, such
as mathematical and statistical models, linear
programming, and theory of games among
others [4].
With this, by having a more extensive
field of mathematical tools, other kinds of
results can be achieved by applying them to
economic phenomena. Econometrics uses,
for the most part, the mathematical corpus
of statistics. From such tools it is possible to
provide a whole range of statistical results,
which, at the same time, yield data on the
characteristics of a phenomenon. Concepts
such as heteroscedasticity, which mentions that
the variance is not constant in the observations
made of a phenomenon. Thing contrary to the
behavior of a linear regression model. A graph
of the behavior of heteroscedasticity is as
follows.
Fig 1: heterocedasticity sampling
Economic crashes: One of the main motivators
to affirm that the intellectual corpus of the
economy is based on purely speculative and
ideological bases, are the economic crises which
have different origin. An orthodox traditionalist
economist could say that economic crises are
inherent issues for the proper functioning
of the economy and the world. Moreover,
the undeniable truth is that the behavior of
economic crises, which seem unpredictable, are
really works of human beings and not products
of the perfect financial system. Which is not
perfect, but merely fraudulent. The economic
crises and the laws that have been passed on
the deregulation of banks, in the mid-1970s, led
to the greatest economic crisis after the Great
Depression. Which, as stated above, ideologies
weigh more than evidence.
When the economic crisis broke out in 2008,
the government blamed immigrants, teachers,
and various issues that were far removed
from the real problem of the systematization
of knowledge and providing bases for the
economy that is objective and not ideological.
Therefore, at the beginning of the deregulation
of banks, in the United States of America, over
the decades, it led to excesses that were not
seen and reflected until 2008, when the crisis
broke out in the United States of America and
spread to the world.
And this arose from the apparent solidity of
the foundations on which economic models are
based, more as mentioned at the beginning of
the article, and ideological ones weigh more
than evidence. There are very few aspects of
the traditional economy that are genuinely
grounded, mostly they are the tools that describe
the behavior of certain financial instruments.
More complex tools that describe certain
aspects of the stock market: In 1900 Bachelier
[5] proposes that the stocks have an evolution
according to the following equation
Lt = L0 + σWt + νt (3)
5

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
Where Wt is a Brownian movement, since
Wt is Gaussian, Lt can take negative values.
The next equation (4) is called Black-
Scholes model. This is a mathematical model
for pricing an options contract. This model
estimates de variation over time of some
financial instruments such as stock [6]. The
creators of this equation received the Nobel
Prize in Economics Sciences.
(4)
use of physical analogies. But, it is not until the
late 90’s when a higher number of scientific
articles are published, which try to extract
concepts of physics with which it is a question
of giving greater understanding of various
financial activities, based on the idea about
the simplicity with which physics manages to
describe the complex systems of the world.
Some tools used in econophysics
Among the many tools that econophysics
provides, these are a few.
The equation (5) shows an analogy with the
law of universal gravitation. This, referring to a
gravity model of trade. A model that establishes
that trade between two countries is proportional
to their economical size (GDP) and inversely
proportional to the distance that separates them
[7].
(5)
Radiation models have their origin in physics,
to explain how waves or particles travel through
a vacuum. The model, used in social sciences,
describes the flow of people between two
locations [8], expressed in equation (6).
(6)
The field of econophysics: The field of
econophysics arises when volatility in the
financial world becomes more relevant in
economic activities. The existence of articles,
related to economics, dates approximately
since the foreign exchange market began. This,
due to the increasing complexity of financial
activities since the 60’s articles emphasized the
Fig 2: The author (center) giving the explanation of the poster
(about econophysics) in Villahermosa, Tabasco.
CONCLUSIONS AND MEXICO
FINANCIAL SITUATION
Mexico has a fragile structure in financial
terms and its foundations. However, not
having financial complexity on par with
developed countries, makes it less vulnerable
to phenomena that affect more complex
economic ones, this due to the interdependence
they have in their financial markets and the
diversity of values they possess. On the other
hand, econophysics represents a frontier
science, represents the attempts to return
economic activities, fundamentally ‘governed’
by orthodox thoughts that cause a malfunction
of the markets and despite having the belief
that they are efficient and that they work for
all, an objective corpus. Economics is essential
for the world of finance, since it provides firm
and objective bases on how the financial world
really works, or how it should.
6

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REFERENCES
[1] Landreth, H. and Colander, D. (2010).
Historia del pensamiento económico. Madrid:
McGraw Hill.
[2] Hetherington, N. S. (1983). Isaac
Newton’s influence on Adam Smith’s natural
laws in economics. Journal of the History of
Ideas, 497-505.
[3] Montes, L. (2008). Newton’s real
influence on Adam Smith and its context.
Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32(4), 555-
576.
[4] Wooldridge, J. (2010). Introducción a la
Econometría. 4e. México, México: Cengage
Learning Editores S.A. de C.V
[5] Mordecki, E. (1998). Modelos
matemáticos en finanzas: Valuación de
opciones. Centro de Matemáticas. Facultad de
Ciencias Montevideo, Uruguay.
[6] Chesney, M., & Scott, L. (1989). Pricing
European currency options: A comparison
of the modified Black-Scholes model and a
random variance model. Journal of Financial
and Quantitative Analysis, 24(3), 267-284.
[7] Tóth, G., Kincses, Á. & Nagy, Z. (2014).
The changing economic spatial structure
of Europe. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-
Norwegian Journal of Geography, 68(5), 301-
309.
[8] Ma, T., Zhu, R., Wang, J., Zhao, N., Pei,
T., Du, Y., & Chen, J. (2019). A proportional
odds model of human mobility and migration
patterns. International Journal of Geographical
Information Science, 33(1), 81-98.
economics in the national physics congress
2019 that was held in Villahermosa, Tabasco.
His interests reside in economics, econometrics
and econophysics. Likewise, he obtained
a second place in the UANL 2019 Young
Literature Contest.
Author’s Address: Pedro de Alba, Niños
Héroes, Ciudad Universitaria, 66451 San
Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
Email: osvaldo.gutierrezes@uanl.edu.mx
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Osvaldo Gutiérrez Esparza is a physics
student at the Autonomous University of
Nuevo León. He presented a poster related to
7

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES WITH
IRON PARTICLES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO
SOLVE OIL SPILLS
NANOTUBOS DE CARBONO MULTIPARED CON
PARTÍCULAS DE HIERRO COMO ALTERNATIVA
PARA RESOLVER DERRAMES DE PETRÓLEO
ABSTRACT
Jonathan Gerardo Martínez Quiroz
Dr. Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova
UANL-FCFM
Autonomous University of Nuevo León
School of Physical and Mathematics
San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
An alternate method was developed to clean the contaminated water with light raw oil using
multi-walled carbon nanotubes. This method consisted in supplying several quantities of a solution
of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with ethanol that was induced some time in an ultrasound
machine. During the experimental phase, there were realized some comparatives of cleaning
through the realization of the methodology of cleaning using tap water and salty water, checking
what is the best configuration of concentration and time in the ultrasound machine to clean almost
all the petroleum presented in the contaminated water. This methodology of cleaning serves as a
viable alternative because the used materials are mostly eliminated thanks to the utilization of a
metal mesh, achieving the expected result of mostly or entirely eliminating the oil that was present
in the water using the solution of carbon nanotubes.
Keywords: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, oil spills, water cleaning method, raw oil
RESUMEN
Fue desarrollado un método alternativo para la limpieza del agua contaminada con petróleo
crudo ligero, usando nanotubos de carbono multi capa. Este método consistió en la suministración
de cantidades severas de una solución de nanotubos de carbono multi capa con etanol la cual
fue inducida algún tiempo en una máquina de ultrasonido. Durante la fase experimental, fueron
realizadas algunas comparaciones de la limpieza mediante la realización de la metodología
de limpieza utilizando agua potable común y agua salada, verificando así cuál es la mejor
configuración de concentración y tiempo de ultrasonido para la limpieza de casi todo el petróleo
presente en el agua contaminada. Esta metodología de limpieza sirve como una alternativa viable
porque los materiales utilizados son mayormente eliminados gracias a la utilización de una malla
8
Martínez, J. & O. Kharissova. (2019). Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Iron Particles as an Alternative to Solve
Oil Spills. Celerinet. 7(2), 8-15.

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
metálica, logrando el resultado esperado de
la eliminación total o parcialmente total del
petróleo que se presentó en el agua utilizando
la solución de nanotubos de carbono.
Palabras clave: Nanotubos de carbono multi
capa, derrames petroleros, método de limpieza
del agua, petróleo crudo
INTRODUCTION
According to the UNAM Institute of Science
[1], oil, one of the resources most used by
humankind nowadays, is mainly composed of
hydrocarbons, which are chemical compounds
of carbon and hydrogen atoms (80-87%). In
addition, oil can have low percentages of other
types of atoms, such as sulfur (0-10%), nitrogen
(0-1%), and oxygen (0-5%); also, it can have a
low presence of atoms of metals such as nickel,
aluminum, and copper.
Nowadays, petroleum is the most useful
resource to humanity because of the amplitude
of uses; however, there are some factors during
the process of extraction and administration
of this resource that could create an oil spill.
According to the United Kingdom Offshore
Operators Association [2], it is necessary to
have a presence of 100 parts per million of oil
to consider that a discharge of this material is
an oil spill.
The magazine of CienciaUAT from the
Autonumus University of Tamaulipas [3] tells
us that one of the most significant example of
oil spill that show us the importance of taking
care of the environment is the one that occurred
because of the sinking and failure of the
platform of exploration Deepwater Horizon,
owned by the company Bitrish Petroleum in
2010. Over 5 million of oil barrels were spilled
to the Gulf of Mexico during all the 100 days
of the contingency. This oil spill has generated
devasting effects to the coastal wetlands
and benthic habitats (seabeds), affecting the
maritime productivity, and the first stage of
the food chain of marine species and birds.
Also, the Gulf of Mexico is a big maritime
ecosystem, classified as a semi-closed sea
where all the biological process are profoundly
interconnected, making some sort of sensibility
to the changes of any of their components.
In the case of the oil spill caused by British
Petroleum, big damages were produced
because the ecosystems were in danger due
to the high variety of endangered species. On
average, the region has over 2 million hectares
of wetlands that work as a habitat for the 75%
of all the aquatic birds that migrate from the
United States, also, is important to remark that
the number of species that were at risk round
over 400.
To determine the damage that oil spills cause
to the sea species, some studies realized by the
marine environmental research [4] found that
there is a DNA damage in the species (mussels
and sea urchins) caused by the exposure to
raw oil. This kind of exposition has a toxic
effect in the aquatic organisms that is mainly
determined with DNA adducts and the damage
of chromosomes of the fish.
A chain reaction is observable between the
components of the ecosystems affected by an
oil spill because there is the presence of a cycle
that generates a negative effect of deterioration
in the ecosystems due to the damage of the
flora and fauna caused by the exposition to raw
oil, producing the death of the species due to
the damage that the oil caused in them. This
effect occurs after an oil spill that has not been
solved allowing the species to interact with
the contaminated water, also, the deterioration
gets each time bigger and it produces each
time more decay of the population of weaker
species; this can result irreversible because of
the big affection that has been produced by the
9

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
time.
One of the methods to remove the oil from
ecosystems and solve the problem of oil spills
implies the use of non-toxic ad-absorbents.
Based on the publication of Romo, L. A. [5],
about the removal of oil from water using these
absorbents is observable that to remove oil
from water is necessary to use a hydrophobic
resource that can absorb the oil that is dispersed
around all the water. That is, how it could be
possible to use a material that can absorb
petroleum to remove it from the water.
The humanity has researched new
alternatives to solve this problem; some of
them that could solve this problem implies
the use of nanotechnology. It is so that there
was designed a way to clean most of the
contaminating components of petroleum from
water using multi-walled carbon nanotubes
with iron particles in a solution of ethanol
induced sometime in the ultrasound.
Based on the definition given by Maubert,
M. [6], carbon nanotubes are an allotropic form
of carbon in which the atoms of carbon present
a common variation between sp2 and sp3 where
this kind of variation makes possible that the
atoms of carbon can combine forming hexagons
and pentagons in closed 3D structures. These
nanotubes can be of one layer or of multiple
layers(multi-walled), and usually, the ones that
are inoffensive to biological life are the multiwalled
ones.
According to the publication of Andrade
Guel [7], there are scientific applications
for carbon nanotubes such as chemical
applications, because they present chemical,
mechanical and electrical stability; also, they
are used biologically in the photothermic
therapy, photoacoustic and other biomedical
applications. However, one of the main factors
that affect the existence of more applications is
the lower solubility in water.
Based on the publication of Khalid, A.
[8], we can see that the carbon nanotubes have
more applications in the science of materials
because of the unique properties that they have.
For example, the arrays of carbon can lead to
getting some optical properties, low density,
and some physical and mechanical properties
that led us to design a methodology to clean
the water using the properties of this kind of
nanotubes.
In this case, to design a water cleaning
method, we used multi-walled carbon nanotubes
with iron particles to make a water cleaning
method. This kind of nanotubes are carbon
arrays in a cylindrical form with multiple capes
that have some iron particles between these
arrays; they can be used as a kind of red or filter
to capture some components inside of them like
an absorbent material.
If we put these nanotubes in ethanol and if we
put this solution specific time in the ultrasound,
we variate the density of the nanotubes,
producing the expansion of these among all the
solution, getting almost a homogenous solution
of ethanol and nanotubes; this solution makes
easier the possibility to clean the contaminating
components of the oil from the water.
The explanation of the mechanism that
makes the water getting free of this component
using this method is simple. The size of the
molecules of oil are smaller than the size of the
exterior structure presented in the nanotubes,
due to this, the carbon nanotubes work as a
captive material of the molecules of petroleum,
putting them inside of the tube and not allowing
the molecules to exit due to the multiple layers
presented in the nanotubes. After the contact
with the raw oil, the nanotubes follow a pattern
of agglomeration, making easier to remove
them with a filter that removes also the oil that
the nanotubes have captured (view Fig. 1).
10

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
Fig. 1. Oil molecules being captured with a nanotube.
The final purpose of this investigation is to
plant the basis of design of an alternative
water cleaning method to clean the crude oil
dispersed in water due to oil spills using the
solution of nanotubes described. Applying in
this case the nanotechnology to solve one of
the most important problems of humanity that
is damaging our planet and the ecosystems.
Experimental design
We based the experimental design on a cyclical
process (Fig. 2). In the process of making a
new solution, there were used some test tubes
of Pyrex to put the alcohol and the grams of
nanotubes, then, the tube was putted in the
ultrasound machine, controlling the time that
the solution was presented inside this machine
using a chronometer (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Process of making a new solution. A) Ethanol in the
essay tube, B) Measurement of the grams of nanotubes to use
in the solution, C) Addition of the nanotubes to the sample, D)
Sample in the ultrasound machine.
In the Fig. 4 the process of the contamination
of the water and test of the sample is represented,
using light raw oil with no treatments the
water was contaminated and then there was
added some milliliters of the solution to the
contaminated water with the help of a syringe,
then, using a metallic mesh, the agglomeration
of nanotubes containing petroleum was
removed from the water, allowing to take the
sample of the cleaned water and analyze it in
the IR scanner.
Fig. 4. Process of tests of the solution in the contaminating water
and the recollection of the sample. A) Adding the water and
petroleum to a Petri Box, B) Adding of the solution of nanotubes
to the contaminated water, C) Use of a metallic mesh to clean
the rests of nanotubes, D) Take of the sample and analysis in
the IR machine.
METHODOLOGY
Fig. 2. Cyclical process in which there was based the experimental
design.
Using samples of 40 milliliters of non-salty
and salty water with a concentration of 35%
contaminated with 0.5 milliliters of petroleum
11

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
respectively was followed the next steps to clean
the water using some solutions of nanotubes in
ethanol in consideration with the experimental
design explained.
1. Using a Petri box to put the water and the
raw oil, there was created a non-homogenous
solution for all the cases of solution (Fig. 5).
4. The nanotubes were removed using a metallic
mesh and there was changed the resulting water
to another Petri box and cleaned the waste in
the borders with cotton.
5. The other half of the certain milliliters of
the solution was added (Fig.7 ).
Fig. 7. Result of the second supply of the solution.
Fig. 5. Water contaminated with raw oil.
6. The nanotubes were removed again using
a metallic mesh; the final water looked like the
next figure (Fig. 8).
2. After preparing the solution of ethanol
and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with iron
particles at a particular concentration, the
solution was induced in the ultrasound machine
at specific time to produce variation in the
density of the nanotubes and alterations in the
superficial capes, generating structures that
facilitate the capitation of oil.
3. Half of the certain milliliters of the created
solution was added to the contaminated water
(Fig. 6).
Fig. 8. Cleaned water thanks to the solution.
7. A little sample of the resulting water was
taken and there was analyzed the absorbance of
the sample in the infrared spectrum to see the
difference between a non-contaminated water
sample and the cleaned water.
Fig. 6. Result of the first supply of the solution.
All the steps were followed with different
concentrations of nanotubes and different
milliliters of the solution supplied to the
contaminated water.
12

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
RESULTS
For a configuration of 40 ml of purified water
contaminated with 0.5 ml of petroleum, there
was followed the methodology for various
solutions enlisted in Table 1.
Table 1. Cases of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with iron
particles solutions in ethanol added to water with oil.
For the same configuration of water with oil,
but with salt water (35%), there was followed
the methodology for various solutions enlisted
in Table 2, variating the milliliters of the
solution added and the time in the ultrasound.
Table 2. Cases of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with iron
particles solutions in ethanol added to salty water with oil.
There was realized a comparison between the
infrared absorbance of a sample of pure water
(MA) and contaminated water from the Table
1 (MI) to have a better idea of wich interval of
wavenumber should be monitored to determine
if the oil is eliminated from the water (View
Fig. 9). In consideration of the stretching bands
of the link OH of water and the link CH of the
hydrocarbon and the respective clustering of
it, the Fig. 9 shows us that the main interval
of wavelength where the raw oil is present and
affect the spectrum of the water goes around
2800-3000 cm-1. Whit that in mind, the rest of
the samples will be analyzed in the interval of
wavelength of 2800 to 3300 cm-1.
Analyzing the rest of the samples of the table
1 in the interval mentioned before (View Fig.
10), it is evident that the elimination of the oil
has occurred, we can see the almost reduction
in the intervals of the peaks of petroleum,
however a new peak appeared around the
interval of wavelength of 2980 cm-1 due to
presence of the ethanol that was in the solution
of nanotubes. For the samples of the Table 2,
the results were similar and it is possible to say
that the salt affects the process of elimination
because it alters the density of the water (View
Fig. 11).
Fig. 9. Infrared absorbance spectrum of a pure sample of water
and the sample MI) water contaminated with raw oil.
13

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
DISCUSSION
Fig. 10. Infrared absorbance spectrum in the interval of 3300-
2800 cm-1 of MB, MC, MD, ME, MF, MG, MH, and MI.
With the development of this methodology,
it is noticed that the petroleum is removed
from the water; however, the solution leaves
rests of alcohol, and nanotubes. If we apply
this methodology to the ocean to clean the oil
from the ocean that had an oil spill, the rest of
alcohol that the solution leaves will evaporate
by the time and the rest of carbon nanotubes
will enter into the cycle of carbon. In addition,
alcohol and carbon are less polluting than oil.
The design planned to solve oil spills based
on the methodology applied in this experiment
is the one that is present in the Fig. 12.
Fig. 11. Infrared absorbance spectrum in the interval of 3300-
2800 cm-1 of MB1, MC1, ME1, MF1, MG1, MH1, MI1, MJ1, and
MK1.
Analyzing the samples from Table 1, we can
see in Fig. 10 that in all the cases of solution
the oil disappeared from the sample of water
in around 95%. Additionally, we can see
that there is not much difference if we work
with salty water with a concentration of 35%.
In Fig. 11 is observable that the peaks of
petroleum lowered a lot. Comparing the rest of
the graphs of absorbance of the samples with
salty water is more possible to see in Fig. 11
that the oil disappeared majorly. Also, the best
time on the ultrasound for the solution could be
around 15 minutes because we do not want a
very homogenous solution because we want to
preserve the form of the nanotubes.
Fig. 12. Prototype design that could be applied to clean the oil
from the seawater.
This design purposes the use of giant mobile
barrels with the solution of carbon nanotubes in
complement with a boat that has a retractable
metal mesh that works as a filter to clean the
water.
The way of work of this prototype of boat
is that the solution pump supplies the solution
of nanotubes while the metal mesh filter is not
retractable to let the nanotubes react with the
petroleum, then the metal mesh filter does the
work and captures the petroleum. There are
an infinity ways to apply this methodology
to solve the problem in a big scale; the only
impediment that could be present is the cost of
14

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
the nanotubes because it is so expensive.
CONCLUSION
With the development of the methodology for
cleaning the water, there was achieved almost a
total cleaning in most of the cases, leaving only
a few leftovers of alcohol and nanotubes that
were not removed with the help of the metal
mesh.
Finally, we can note that the results obtained
were as desired due to the methodology
proposed at the beginning worked correctly,
and the oil that was polluting the water was
almost eliminated. In addition to determining
that the salt is not an influential factor, allowing
the carbon nanotube solution to act as it
did with purified salt-free water. In general,
nanotechnology can help us to solve problems
nowadays; this is an example of it.
Making a prototype to solve the problem in
big scale with all the requirements of an electric
artefact results difficult for a simple student of
physics because there is necessary to know
more about circuits and design, however, it
could be possible to make at some day.
REFERENCES
[1] Botello, A. V. (2005). Características
composición y propiedades fisicoquímicas del
petróleo. Golfo de México Contaminación e
Impacto Ambiental: Diagnóstico y Tendencias,
261-268.
[2] American Petroleum Institute (1995).
Proceedings: Workshop to Identify Promising
Technologies for the Treatment of Produced
Water Toxicity. Health and Environmental
Sciences Departmental Report No. DR351.
Parsons Engineering Science, Fairfax, Virginia.
[3] Arcos N., G. (2010). The oil spill in
the Gulf of Mexico and its consequences in
Tamaulipas. CienciaUAT, 5(1). ISSN: 2007-
7521.
[4] Taban, I. C., Bechmann, R. K.,
Torgrimsen, S., Baussant, T., & Sanni, S. (2004).
Detection of DNA damage in mussels and sea
urchins exposed to crude oil using comet assay.
Marine environmental research, 58(2-5), 701-
705
[5] Romo, L. A. “ Remoción de Petróleo
de Fuentes de Agua Mediante Ad-Absorbentes
No-Tóxicos. Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana u
Benjamín Carrión., 43-57.
[6] Maubert, M., Soto, L., León, A. M., &
Flores, J. (2009). Nanotubos de Carbono-La era
de la nanotecnología. Razón y palabra, 14(68).
[7] Andrade Guel, M. L., López López,
L. I., & Sáenz Galindo, A. (2012). Nanotubos
de carbono: funcionalización y aplicaciones
biológicas. Revista mexicana de ciencias
farmacéuticas, 43(3), 9-18.
[8] Khalid, A., Al-Juhani, A. A., Al-
Hamouz, O. C., Laoui, T., Khan, Z., & Atieh,
M. A. (2015). Preparation and properties of
nanocomposite polysulfone/multi-walled
carbon nanotubes membranes for desalination.
Desalination, 367, 134-144.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Jonathan Gerardo Martínez Quiroz: student
of thedegree in physics of the Autonomous
University of Nuevo León. Address: School
of Physical and Mathematics, San Nicolás de
los Garza, Nuevo León, México. P. C. 66455
Email: jg_martinezq@hotmail.com
Dr. Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova: Since 2001,
teacher and investigator of the School of
Physical and Mathematics of the Autonomous
University of Nuevo León. Address: School
of Physical and Mathematics, San Nicolás de
los Garza, Nuevo León, México. P. C. 66455
Email: okhariss@mail.ru
15

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
Au PARTICLES DEPOSITION ON NaCl
SUBSTRATES
DEPOSICIÓN DE PARTÍCULAS DE Au
EN SUSTRATOS DE NaCl
Ángel Salvador Pérez Blanco, Diana Marahí Alanís Silva, Juan Pablo Salinas Estevané
UANL - FCFM, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
ABSTRACT
Gold nanoparticles were deposited on NaCl substrates by high vacuum evaporation at moderate
temperatures. The morphology of the nanoparticles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The gold nanoparticles are in the 10nm size
range and possess different morphologies being the decahedral one the most prominent. Geometrical
patterns such as squares and lines of the deposited Au nanoparticles on the NaCl substrate were
observed by SEM analysis, this may be a way to do nanodecoration of different species of metals
and alloys on a suitable surface. Electron diffraction analysis was performed on the deposited
particles showing that the gold deposited nanoparticles are impurity free. These results make high
vacuum evaporation a relevant technique to obtain not only homogeneous nanoparticles deposited
on different surfaces, but also a fast and reliable way to make nanodecoration.
Keywords: high vacuum, NaCl, Gold
RESUMEN
Las nanopartículas de oro fueron depositadas en sustratos de NaCl por evaporación a alto
vacío a temperaturas moderadas. La morfología de las nanopartículas fue analizada mediante un
microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB) y un microscopio electrónico de transmisión (MET).
Las nanopartículas de oro están en un rango de 10 nm y poseen diferentes morfologías siendo la
estructura decahedral la más prominente. Patrones geométricos tales como cuadrados y líneas de
las nanopartículas de Au depositadas en el substrato de NaCl se pudieron observar a través del
análisis de MEB, esto podría ser una forma para realizar nanodecoración de diferentes especies
de metales o aleaciones en una superficie apropiada. El análisis de difracción de electrones fue
llevado a cabo en las partículas depositadas mostrando que las nanopartículas depositadas están
libres de impurezas. Estos resultados hacen de la evaporación de alto vacío una técnica relevante
para no solo obtener nanopartículas homogéneas depositadas en diferentes superficies, sino
también una forma rápida y confiable de realizar nanodecoración.
Pérez, Á., Alanís, D. & J.P. Salinas. (2019). Au Particles Deposition on NaCl Substrates. Celerinet. 7(2), 16-21.
10 16

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
Palabras clave: alto vacío, NaCl, oro
1. INTRODUCTION
High vacuum evaporation of materials
resulting on nanoparticles with different
shapes and a moderate control in size has
been shown before such as the work of
Robinson [2] et al. where palladium particles
were deposited on NaCl and mica substrates,
on a similar research, Rupprechter [3] et al.
obtained thin films catalysts with particles of
Pt, Rh, Ir and Pd also on NaCl substrates. In
yet another work, Fukaya [4] et al. deposited
Palladium particles on NaCl, KCl, KBr and
KI substrates. Khanuja [5] et al. investigated
the hydrogenation properties of Cu/Pd bimetal
layers deposited on glass substrates. The
deposition of pure metals on a suitable surface
at different rates and temperatures, may offer
properties which are greater than that of bulk
size when nanostructures are created [6], even
for this scale, the geometry, and the thickness of
the deposited layers of materials can have a big
impact on the final properties of the materials.
High vacuum evaporation of metals results in
an easy and fast way to produce nanostructures,
thin films [4,5] and even quantum dots that
possess different physical-chemical properties
depending on different aspects such as size,
thickness, crystal structure etc.
In this research, we investigated the high
vacuum evaporation of gold particles deposited
on NaCl substrates performed at 573.15K
to 623.15K. Decahedral shape was the most
frequently observed such as in the work of
Robinson et al. [2].
2. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The deposition of gold nanoparticles and
their characterization were carried out in the
Advanced Engineering and Technology (AET)
Building and the Kleberg Advanced Microscopy
Center of The University of Texas at San
Antonio (UTSA). The equipment that was used
to perform the experiments and characterization
of the obtained materials were a High Vacuum
Evaporation Chamber, a Hitachi STEM S500
Scanning Electron Microscope and a JEOL
1230 Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM), gold wire, NaCl prism.
2.1 EXPERIMENTAL
Gold Deposition
Gold deposition on NaCl substrates was
carried out using a 1/16in diameter gold wire
subjected to a high vacuum of 10 -5 Torr using a
turbo molecular pump above a 1x1x3cm pure
NaCl substrate. The temperatures that were
reached were 573.15K, 600.15K and 623.15K.
When pressure of 10-5Torr was reached on the
evaporation chamber, the deposition began for
a maximum of 1min, and then the NaCl was
cleaved on its transversal section.
SEM and TEM Analysis
SEM and TEM images of the deposited
nanoparticles were obtained. Diverse
morphologies were observed on the gold
particles being the most prominent one the
decahedral geometry. The size remained very
homogeneous ranging around 10nm.
3. RESULTS
3.1 SEM and TEM Micrographs
The most representative SEM and TEM
images that were obtained on the deposition of
gold nanoparticles are shown below.
17

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
Fig. 1 SEM image of deposited gold particles at 575.15K
Fig. 2 SEM Image of different morphologies of the deposited
gold particles at 600.15K
Fig. 3 SEM Image in Dark Field mode showing closed
figure patterns of the deposited Au nanoparticles at
623.15K
From the SEM images, we can observe how
deposited gold particles make line and square
patterns over the NaCl substrates, this being
more evident for the deposited Au nanoparticles
at 575.15K (Fig. 1) and 623.15K (Fig. 3). This
behavior occurs because the gold particles
follow the most energetic favorable geometries
where it can be deposited with the least possible
energy and also to have the greatest adherence
with the NaCl surface, so as the temperature
is increased, the potential energy difference
between the NaCl substrate surface and the Au
nanoparticles rises. However, at 600.15K (Fig.
2), the square or closed like patterns of the
gold nanoparticles on the NaCl substrate seem
to diminish and the line like patterns are the
dominant ones, the reason for this phenomena
is because of the amount of potential energy
between the Au nanoparticles, and the NaCl
substrate reaches a saturation level for that of the
square or closed shape patterns, then when the
temperature is raised again reaching 623.15K
(Fig. 3) the closed shapes or squarelike patterns
become the most abundant ones again and are
even larger than the ones observed at 575.15K.
On Fig. 3, the darkfield mode was used
to observe the contrast between the Au
nanoparticles and the NaCl substrate. In
this figure, we are also able to appreciate
the abundance of Au nanoparticles and the
smoothness or defect-free NaCl substrate. Due
to the fact that Au and NaCl have a different
electronic density of states (DOS) TEM
analysis gives a great contrast between the NaCl
substrates and the gold nanoparticles. As can
be seen on Figures 3 and 4, the deposited Au
nanoparticles can be easily distinguished due to
the high contrast between the gold nanoparticles
and the NaCl substrate. Short deposition times
(1min) for the gold nanostructures may favor a
mono phase formation on the NaCl substrate.
By these series of experiments we can conclude
that a NaCl substrate makes a very suitable
18

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
surface for many pure metals or metals alloys to
be deposited on it, mostly because of the defect
free or homogeneity of the surface making it
a suitable candidate for a future research on
which different alloys could be deposited
and study their pattern formations at different
temperatures and more properties alike.
Even on the SEM images (Figures 1-3),
we are able to observe different morphologies
of the deposited gold nanoparticles, such as
ellipsoidal, circular, and even triangular shapes.
By the obtained SEM images we can conclude
that high vacuum evaporation is a reliable and
fast way to produce nanoparticles of different
shapes and also a simple form to carry out
nanodecoration of metals or alloys on different
substrates. When TEM analysis was performed,
we could clearly observe that the shapes of the
deposited gold nanoparticles (Fig. 4) were close
to being circular, in fact, the most predominant
one being decahedral (Fig. 5). Some twinning
can be observed on several gold nanoparticles
(Fig. 4) due to the deposition rate, which can
favor stacking or union between deposited
nanostructures.
The contrast of these images between the
deposited gold nanoparticles and the NaCl
substrate is such that twinning is clearly visible
on some of the gold nanostructures. The
deposited gold nanoparticles may be suitable
to be used as catalysts for different chemical
reactions such as hydrogenation. Also, the
deposited gold nanostructures may offer great
selectivity and a greater reaction rate than
other pure metals to be used for nanochemical
reactions for different purposes.
Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED)
analysis (Fig. 6) was performed on some of the
deposited gold nanoparticles. The very sharp
electron diffraction from the SAED analysis
confirms that pure gold without any impurities
was the material that was deposited on the
NaCl substrates. The evaporation technique
used to deposit these gold nanoparticles is an
environmentally friendly and efficient route
to create sheet or layer like nanostructures on
substrates that can be used to deposit other pure
metals or alloys of different size on a suitable
surface or substrate.
CONCLUSIONS
High vacuum evaporation proved to be
Fig. 4 TEM Image showing different morphologies
of the gold particles and twinning on some of
them.
Fig. 5 TEM image of the predominant decahedral
shape of the deposited gold nanoparticles.
19

CELERINET JULY - DECEMBER 2019
2. F. Robinson et al., Electron Microscopy
Investigation of Structure and Morphology of
Small Supported Matal Particles of Palladium
Thin Solid Films, 98, 1982.
3. G. Rupprechter et al., Epitaxially Grown
Model Catalyst particles of Platinum, Rhodium,
Iridium, Palladium and Rhenium Studied by
Electron Microscopy, Thin Solid Films, 260,
1995.
Fig. 6 SAED diffraction pattern of the deposited gold
particles.
a really fast, reliable, and environmentally
friendly technique to deposit gold nanoparticles
with different shapes and geometries on
the NaCl substrates and possibly on some
others. By the SEM images, we conclude that
nanodecoration by high vacuum evaporation of
metals is possible, thus future research on this
area is highly recommended. The deposition
rate and temperature can be controlled in order
to obtain different thicknesses of the deposited
materials and thus even possibly forming thin
films by the stacking of these particles on a
different research. NaCl proved to be a very
suitable surface for many pure metals or metals
alloys to be deposited on it, mostly because of
the defect free or homogeneity of the surface.
Different aspects can be included on future
research such as an energy mapping between
the NaCl (or some other substrate) and the
nanostructures deposited on it.
REFERENCES
1. Walter Borchardt, Crystallography,
Springer, 1995.
4. Koji Fukaya et al., Orientation and
Structure of Palladium Particles Formed
by Evaporation of Alkalihalide Crystals,
Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals,
September, 1978.
5. Manika Khanuja et al., Two Approaches
for Enhancing the Hydrogenation properties of
Palladium: Metal Nanoparticle and thin film
over layers, J. Chem. Sci. 120 (6), 2008.
6. Corbos et al., Tuning the properties of
PdAu bimetallic nanocatalysts for selective
hydrogenation reactions, Catalysis Science and
Technology (3), 2013.
7. Moris S. et al., Nanodecoration of single
crystals of 5, 11, 17, 23- Tetra-Tert-Butyl-25,27-
Bis(Cyanomethoxy)-26, 28 Dihydrocalix [4]
Arene, J. Chil. Chem Soc. 62 (4), 2017.
8. Trabelsi K. et al., Enhancing the
photoelectrochemical response of TiO2
nanotubes through their nanodecoration by
pulsed-laser-deposited Ag nanoparticles,
Journal of Applied Physics (122) 6, 2017.
9. Herrera B. et al., Selective nanodecoration
of modified cyclodextrin crystals with gold
nanorods, Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science, (389) 1, 2013.
20

RESEARCH/ PHYSICS
10. Herrera B. et al., Silver nanoparticles
produced by magnetron sputtering and selective
nanodecoration onto α Cyclodextrin/Carboxylic
Acid Inclusion Compounds Crystals, Scientific
Research (2) 2, 2013.
11. Feng Gao et al., Pd-Au bimetallic
catalysts: understanding alloy effects from
planar models and supported nanoparticles,
Chem. Soc Rev, (41), 2012.
12. Alan McCue et al., Acetylene
hydrogenation over structured Au-Pd catalysts,
Faraday Discussions, The Royal Chemical
Society, 2016.
13. M. Di Vece et al., Compositional
Changes of Pd-Au bimetallic nanoclusters upon
hydrogenation, Physical Review B, (80), 2009.
14. Image Pro-Plus Ver. 4.1 for Windows
Reference Guide; Media Cybernetics.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ángel Salvador Pérez Blanco
Studied Mathematics at FCFM, did a Master
degree in Computer Science and a Doctoral
Degree in Mathematics. He is currently doing
research in Statistical Processes.
E-mail: angel.perezbl@uanl.edu.mx
Author address: Texcoco, Mitras Centro. Mty.
N.L.
in Ceramics Engineering and a Doctoral degree
in Materials Chemistry. He is currently doing
research on Nano-Semiconductors. He holds a
patent on Nanostructures Synthesis (2017).
E-mail: juan.salinassv@uanl.edu.mx
Author Address: Jerónimo Treviño, Centro,
Mty, N.L.
GLOSSARY
Au: Gold
cm: Centimeter
Cu: Copper
DOS: Density of States
in: Inches
Ir: Iridium
K: Kelvin
KBr: Potassium Bromide
KCl: Potassium Chloride
KI: Potassium Iodide
min: Minute
NaCl: Sodium Chloride
nm: Nanometer
Pd: Palladium
Pt: Platinum
Rh: Rhodium
SAED: Selected Area Electron Diffraction
SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy
TEM: Transmission Electron Microscopy
Diana Marahí Alanis Silva
Studied Industrial Security Enginnering
and is currently doing a Masters Degree on
Administration.
E-mail: diana.alanis94@hotmail.com
Auhor address: Santiago, N.L.
Juan Pablo Salinas Estevane
Studied Physics at FCFM, did a Master degree
21