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CENTRALES NUCLEARES NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

CENTRALES NUCLEARES NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

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y una ausencia de planificación directapara el nuevo sistema de productoresindependientes. Este últimosistema aún no ha sido desarrolladoy, de hecho, la potencia total actualmentedisponible, que asegura conun elevado grado de garantía la coberturade la demanda en los próximosaños, no hace precisamente urgentesu creación.Por lo que se refiere a los autogeneradores,pueden suponer una interesantecontribución al sistema eléctricosi no se desnaturaliza su función.Lo cierto es que, hasta hace bien poco,las condiciones en las que estascompañías entregaban y vendíansus excedentes de energía a las empresaseléctricas suponían un encarecimientodel servicio eléctrico yuna más que discutible aportación ala eficiencia energética del sistema.El Sector Eléctrico español es favorableal desarrollo de la autogeneraciónsi se hace bajo los criterios, comúnmenteaceptados a nivelinternacional, de que estas empresasvendan al sistema sus excedentesreales de energía -y no la práctica totalidadde su producción- y a un precioen función del coste evitado alsistema. Por desgracia, estas doscondiciones no se han dado en el pasado,lo cual ha conducido a la progresivadesnaturalización del conceptode autogeneración a la queantes he aludido.En diciembre de 1994 fue aprobadauna nueva normativa que regula elrégimen legal y económico al que sedeben ajustar las entregas de energíade los autogeneradores. Sin embargo,y pese a ser más racional quela norma que antes existía, el precioque se paga actualmente a los autogeneradorespor sus excedentes siguesuperando el coste evitado alsistema y no hay auténtica garantíade que todos los kWh que vierten ala red estas compañías sean realmenteexcedentes.La propuesta de modificación alMarco legal y Estable formulada elpasado mes de noviembre por laCSEN no aborda las reformas realmenteurgentes e importantes que esnecesario llevar a cabo en el sistemade cálculo de la tarifa: por ejemplo,las diferencias existentes entre la retribuciónde las actividades de generacióny distribución, la recuperaciónde los “costes varados”, la objetividaden la fijación de la tasa real de retribución,etc.PERSPECTIVA DE FUTUROQuisiera, por último, referirme al nuevomarco europeo en el que elSector Eléctrico español se está desenvolviendoy que será objeto de unmayor desarrollo en el futuro. Laconfiguración de dicho marco se estállevando a cabo a través de instrumentosnormativos comunitarios(Reglamentos, Directivas, etc.) quepretenden la realización del mercadointerior europeo de la energía, en general,y de la electricidad, en particular,con el objetivo de que secoordinen las políticas energéticasnacionales y se incentive la creaciónde un verdadero mercado único. Elmodelo a seguir para la electricidad,comprador único o acceso de tercerosa la red, está todavía pendientede acuerdo. Por otra parte, el rangode la energía en la construcción europeaestá pendiente de lo que decidala Conferencia Intergubernamental delos Estados de la Unión Europea quese convocará próximamente. Comose sabe, la Comisión Europea estápreparando su informe para laConferencia sobre la base del LibroBlanco de Política Energética el cual,por cierto, contiene una visión moderadamenteoptimista del papel presentey futuro de la energía nuclear.La Conferencia decidirá, finalmente,si se incluye un capítulo sobre energíaen el Tratado de la Unión -revisióndel de Maastricht- lo que, casode producirse, aumentará la competenciade los órganos centrales comunitariosen la materia. Actuar dentrode este nuevo gran mercado de laelectricidad será otro gran reto parael Sector Eléctrico español cuya baseproductiva y empresarial le permiteencararlo con optimismo.Los asistentes en un momento de descanso. / Meeting participants during de coffee-break.completion of which was definitively ruled out in theLOSEN itself.Leaving aside this Decree - drawing up of which had, infact, been decided prior to approval of the Law - the wayin which the other specific measures approved areoriented has generated in the Spanish electricity sectoran understandable expectant attitude in view of the newopportunities promoted.I believe that the liberalization often associated with theLOSEN should be looked at in detail, since the Lawincludes both measures for greater deregulation andothers implying stronger regulation. As I have alreadypointed out, the specific development of the Law willeventually allow us to decide to what extent it is truly astep towards deregulation.As regards planning, the LOSEN contemplates thecontinuation of official planning for the so-calledintegrated system, i. e. for the system currently inexistence, but has no direct planning for the new systemof independent producers. This last system has not yetbeen developed, and in fact the power currentlyavailable, which to a large extent ensures coverage ofthe demand over the next few years, does not make it apriority issue.With regard to the self-generators, they may make aninteresting contribution to the electricity system as longas their role is not distorted. The truth is, however, thatuntil very recently the conditions under which thesecompanies delivered and sold their energy surpluses tothe utilities increased the costs of the electricity serviceand constituted a more than questionable contribution tothe energy efficiency of the system.The Spanish electricity sector favours the developmentof self-generation as long as this is accomplished inkeeping with commonly accepted international criteria, i.e. that what these companies sell to the system be theirreal surpluses and not the practical totality of theirproduction, and that this be done at a price which is afunction of the system’s avoided cost. Unfortunately,these two conditions have not been met in the past, thishaving led to the progressive distortion of the concept ofself-generation to which I have already referred.December 1994 saw approval of a new decreeregulating the legal and economic system to be met bythe self-generators in their energy deliveries. However,despite the fact that this new decree is more rationalthan its predecessor, the cost currently paid to the selfgeneratorsfor their surpluses continues to exceed theavoided cost, and there is no real guarantee that everykWh put into the system by these companies is in factsurplus.The modification to the Stable Legal Frameworkproposed last November by the CSEN does not addressthe truly urgent and important reforms which should bemade in relation to the tariff calculation system: forexample, the differences existing betweencompensations for generation and distribution activities,the recovery of stranded costs, objectivity in theestablishment of actual compensation rates, etc.A PERSPECTIVE FOR THE FUTUREI should like to end by referring to the new Europeanframework in which the Spanish Electricity Sector iscurrently operating, and which will undergo even greaterdevelopment in the future. The configuration of thisframework is being developed via Communityinstruments (Regulations, Directives, etc.) aimed atbringing about the internal European energy market ingeneral, and the electricity market in particular, with aview to coordinating national energy policies andpromoting the creation of a real single market. Themodel to be applied in the case of electricity - either thesingle purchaser or third-party access to the grid - is stillpending agreement. Furthermore, the rank of EnergyPolicy in European construction still depends onthe decision to be taken by the IntergovernmentalConference of the States of the European Union,which will be organized in the immediate future.As is well known, the European Commission ispreparing its report for the Conference on thebasis of the White Paper on Energy Policy, whichincidentally contains a moderately optimistic viewof the present and future role of nuclear energy.The Conference will finally decide whether or nota chapter on energy is included in the Treaty ofthe Union - a revision of the Maastricht Treaty -which, were it to occur, would increase thedegree of competence of the central Communitybodies in this area. Working within this majornew electricity market will be another of theimportant challenges facing the SpanishElectricity Sector; I feel confident that theSector’s production and business base will placeit in a position to face this challenge withoptimism.

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