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Arrojo Agudo P. 2002. Impacto ambiental de las grandes ... - OCW

Arrojo Agudo P. 2002. Impacto ambiental de las grandes ... - OCW

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expected economic benefits have become seriously questionable, due to the costsand impact on the socio-environment services that rivers have traditionally generatedas benefits for the riparian populations. It has been shown that this impact isparticularly serious in the <strong>de</strong>lta regions and coastal platforms, generatingcatastrophic effects on fisheries and other resources of great economic importance.These reasons, together with the increased social assessment of the environmental,leisure and aesthetic values of rivers, have led the <strong>de</strong>veloped countries to reconsi<strong>de</strong>rtheir hydraulic policy in <strong>de</strong>pth. As in the case of the United States and the EuropeanCommunity, policies have changed from the traditional productive approach to theecosystemic approach based on the sustainable <strong>de</strong>velopment perspective.In the present study, we will analyse the emblematic case of the Nile River and thesocio-environmental impact of the Aswan High Dam. Whilst this large scale projecthas clearly contributed towards the economic <strong>de</strong>velopment of mo<strong>de</strong>rn Egypt, it has atthe same time important ecosystem functions of the river, which have producedserious economic and environmental effects, that will be studied and assessed.Particular attention is given to the impact on the fertility of the <strong>de</strong>lta and on thefisheries of the Mediterranean Sea, especially the sardine population, that have beenseverely affected. Today, the issue of the physical sustainability of the <strong>de</strong>lta itself is inquestion, due to the reduction of the sediments and the coastal erosion. In short, it isa highly significant case in the Mediterranean context, that should serve as areference for the proposed EC Framework Directive on water policy, which iscurrently being negotiated in the core of the European Union. According to the WaterFramework Directive, the estuaries, <strong>de</strong>ltas, and coastal platforms, will need to beintegrated in river basin management.1 INTRODUCCIÓNTradicionalmente se ha tendido a consi<strong>de</strong>rar los ríos como simples fuentes <strong>de</strong>lrecurso agua, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un enfoque productivista que consi<strong>de</strong>ra el agua como un simplefactor productivo. Hoy en día, sin embargo, parece fuera <strong>de</strong> toda duda la necesidad<strong>de</strong> incorporar a la gestión <strong>de</strong> <strong>las</strong> aguas los valores, funciones y servicios tantosociales como <strong>ambiental</strong>es generados en los cauces, riberas, <strong>de</strong>ltas, estuarios,humedales, así como los generados por <strong>las</strong> aguas subterráneas. Se trata en<strong>de</strong>finitiva <strong>de</strong> complejos ecosistemas vivos, en continua renovación, que regeneranen cantidad y calidad <strong>las</strong> aguas que tenemos disponibles en la naturaleza. En<strong>de</strong>finitiva hablar <strong>de</strong> la gestión <strong>de</strong> un río exige incluir la gestión <strong>de</strong> vegas, bosques <strong>de</strong>ribera, humedales, galachos y estanques en sus llanuras <strong>de</strong> inundación, <strong>de</strong>ltas yacuíferos conectados con la cuenca (Worster, 1985).Hoy se tien<strong>de</strong>n incluso a integrar en la gestión <strong>de</strong> <strong>las</strong> cuencas hidrográficas <strong>las</strong>influencias <strong>de</strong>l río sobre <strong>las</strong> plataformas litorales marinas y sus ecosistemas. Dehecho la inminente Directiva Marco <strong>de</strong> Aguas que está en discusión en la UEincorpora áreas <strong>de</strong>ltáicas, estuarinas y plataformas litorales a la gestión <strong>de</strong> <strong>las</strong>cuencas.Otra cuestión fundamental a consi<strong>de</strong>rar es el hecho <strong>de</strong> que un río no sólo transportaaguas, sino que arrastra y distribuye ingentes cantida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> sedimentos <strong>de</strong> diversocalibre, materiales solubles inorgánicos (sales) y orgánicos, lo que constituye enúltima instancia un importante transporte y distribución <strong>de</strong> nutrientes.Por otro lado, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> los caudales que fluyen hacia el mar en superficie, que seven claramente, hay caudales que empapan y discurren lentamente en los acuíferos,especialmente en los acuíferos aluviales asociados a <strong>las</strong> plataformas <strong>de</strong> inundación

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