Pensar en C++ (Volumen 1) - Grupo ARCO

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✐ ✐ ✐ “Volumen1” — 2012/1/12 — 13:52 — page 382 — #420 ✐ Capítulo 13. Creación dinámica de objetos malloc() con calloc() o realloc()). Se invoca malloc(), que pide un bloque de memoria. (Este código realmente puede ser parte de malloc()). Ahora tiene lugar la búsqueda de un bloque de tamaño adecuado de entre los bloques libres. Esto requiere la comprobación de un mapa o directorio de algún tipo que lleve el registro de los bloques disponibles y de los que están en uso. Es un proceso rápido, pero puede que necesite varias pruebas, es pues un proceso no determinista. Dicho de otro modo, no se puede contar con que malloc() tarde siempre exactamente el mismo tiempo en cada búsqueda. Antes de entregar el puntero del bloque obtenido, hay que registrar en alguna parte su tamaño y localización para que malloc() no lo vuelva a usar y para que cuando se produzca la llamada a free(), el sistema sepa cuánto espacio ha de liberar. El modo en que se implementan todas estas operaciones puede variar mucho. No hay nada que impida que puedan implementarse las primitivas de asignación de memoria en el conjunto de instrucciones del procesador. Si es suficientemente curioso, pueden escribir programas que permitan averiguar cómo está implementada malloc(). Si dispone de él, puede leer el código fuente de la biblioteca de funciones de C, si no, siempre está disponible el de GNU C. 13.2. Rediseño de los ejemplos anteriores Puede reescribirse el ejemplo Stash que vimos anteriormente en el libro, haciendo uso de los operadores new y delete, con las características que se han visto desde entonces. A la vista del nuevo código se pueden repasar estas cuestiones. Hasta este punto del libro, ninguna de las clases Stash ni Stack poseerán los objetos a los que apuntan; es decir, cuando el objeto Stash o Stack sale de ámbito, no se invoca delete para cada uno de los objetos a los que apunta. La razón por la que eso no es posible es porque, en un intento de conseguir más generalidad, utilizan punteros void. Usar delete con punteros void libera el bloque de memoria pero, al no existir información de tipo, el compilador no sabe qué destructor debe invocar. 13.2.1. delete void* probablemente es un error Es necesario puntualizar que, llamar a delete con un argumento void* es casi con seguridad un error en el programa, a no ser que el puntero apunte a un objeto muy simple; en particular, que no tenga un destructor. He aquí un ejemplo ilustrativo: //: C13:BadVoidPointerDeletion.cpp // Deleting void pointers can cause memory leaks #include using namespace std; class Object { void* data; // Some storage const int size; const char id; public: Object(int sz, char c) : size(sz), id(c) { 382 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐
✐ ✐ ✐ “Volumen1” — 2012/1/12 — 13:52 — page 383 — #421 ✐ 13.2. Rediseño de los ejemplos anteriores data = new char[size]; cout
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