EL MUNDO hOy. GESTIÃN DE LA DIVERSIDAD. UN IMPERATIVO ...

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The Assessment of Intercultural Training Efficacy... Rolland further states that the extraversion and agreeableness dimensions that are components of interpersonal circumplex are more sensitive to cultural context. McCrae et al. (1999) showed that the age differences in the five-factors of personality across the adult life span are parallel in samples from Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia and South Korea. McCrae (2001) examined the data from 26 cultures and showed that the age and gender differences resembled those found in the American sample. The intercultural factor analysis yielded a close approximation to the five-factor model and the factor scores were meaningfully related to other cultural level variables. McCrae (2002) extended earlier data to 36 cultures, and the analysis of age and gender differences, the generalizability of culture profiles across gender and age groups, and culture level factor structure and correlates were replicated. McCrae, Terracciano et al. (2005) further reported data from 51 cultures and presented findings that supported the rough scalar equivalence of NEO-PI-R five factors and facets across cultures and suggest that aggregate personality profiles provide insight into cultural differences. This paper intends to provide an evaluation of intercultural training after a six-month long expatriation and its effectiveness through assessing change in a personality state (Plasticity). 3. Two Factor Model/ Big Two – Stability (Self-Control) & Plasticity (Engagement) Digman (1997) described the emergence of two consistent higherorder factors or metatraits, which he labeled Alfa and Beta. The first metatrait –labeled Alpha, Stability, or Self-Control incorporates Emotional Stability, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness– might be regarded as socialization factor, while the second metatrait –labeled Beta, Plasticity or Engagement is composed of Extraversion and Openness to experience– might be considered a factor of personal growth (DeYoung, 2006) 4 . See table 2. 4 Hirsh, DeYoung and Peterson (2009) theorized the Big Two relating them to individual differences in the functioning of serotonin and dopamine, respectively. Serotonin is a broadly functioning neuromodulator with regulatory or inhibiting effects on mood, behavior and cognition and is responsible for providing a signal 207
INTERNAcionaLIZACIÓN Y CAPITAL HUMANO The shared variance of Beta components i.e., Emotional Stability (reversed Neuroticism), Agreeableness and Conscientiousness appears to reflect respectively stability in emotional, social and motivational domains. The shared variance of Extraversion and Openness to Experience, by contrast, appears to reflect the tendency to explore or to engage voluntarily with novelty and may be, in consequence, associated with plasticity and flexibility in behavior and cognition (DeYoung, 2001). MacCrae (1997) defined Extraversion as a dimension that classically brings to mind sociability, but it has been more broadly linked with positive affectivity, incentive reward sensitivity, approach behavior and novelty/excitement seeking. And Openness to experience reflects «recurrent need to enlarge and examine experience» – curiosity and imagination, and flexibility in considering novel ideas, behaviors, or feelings. The shared variance of Beta components (i.e.), Emotional Stability (reversed Neuroticism), Agreeableness and Conscientiousness appears to reflect respectively stability in emotional, social and motivational domains. The shared variance of Extraversion and Openness to Experience, by contrast, appears to reflect the tendency to explore or to engage voluntarily with novelty and may be, in consequence, associated with plasticity and flexibility in behavior and cognition (DeYoung, 2001). MacCrae (1997) defined Extraversion as a dimension that classically brings to mind sociability, but it has been more broadly linked with positive affectivity, incentive reward sensitivity, approach behavior and novelty/excitement seeking. And Openness to experience reflects “recurrent need to enlarge and examine experience” – curiosity and imagination, and flexibility in considering novel ideas, behaviors, or feelings. Table 2. Table 2 : Factor analytic constructs related to superordinated metatraits Factor analytic constructs related to superordinated metatraits According to Olson (2005) the Engagement dimension is empirically related to positive affect, academic engagement in the form of classroom participation, «benefiting from major life challenges», sensation seeking, and the construct of inspiration. The Engagement dimension (engaged versus disengaged) reflects the degree of individuals’ social and experiential engagement. The Engagement dimension incorporates both vigorous social engagement (Extraversion) and experiential engagement (Openness to Experience). According to Olson (2005) the Engagement dimension is empirically related to positive affect, academic engagement in the form of classroom participation, “benefiting from major life challenges”, sensation seeking, and the construct of inspiration. The Engagement dimension (engaged versus disengaged) reflects the degree of individuals’ social and experiential engagement. The Engagement dimension incorporates both vigorous social engagement (Extraversion) and experiential engagement (Openness to Experience). Though Plasticity and Stability may, at first moment, seem semantically opposed, they can in fact be complementary. In a changing environment, plasticity is necessary for maintenance of «avoidable of stability. danger» The (Spoont, opposite of 1992; plasticity Gray is and not stability McNaughton, but rigidity, 2000). while Dopamine the is also a broadly functioning neuromodulator, 6 but primarily activating effects on behavior and cognition. Dopaminergic function has been related to both Extraversion, associated with incentive motivation, approach behavior, and positive affect (Depue & Collins, 1999), and Openness to Experience, associated with broad thinking and cognitive flexibility (DeYoung, Peterson & Higgins, 2005). 208
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Internacionalización y capital hum
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Marta Muñiz Ferrer Jesús Labrador
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ÍNDICE Prólogo ..................
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PRÓLOGO Matías Delgado-Ureña VP
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PRESENTACIÓN Dra. Marta Muñiz Fer
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PRESENTACIÓN internacionalización
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PRESENTACIÓN Internacionalización
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PRESENTACIÓN En cuanto a los retos
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PRESENTACIÓN ras internacionales.
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PRESENTACIÓN de la gestión de la
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BLOQUE I GLOBALIZACIÓN E INTERNACI
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INTERNAcionaLIZACIÓN Y CAPITAL HUM
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EL mundo hoy. Gestión de la divers
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los años ochenta, Iberoamérica co
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es que la crisis financiera está c
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BLOQUE II MOVILIDAD DE LOS RECURSOS
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The SucceSSful AdapTATion of ExpATr
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LA GESTIÓN DE LA DIVERSIDAD DEMOGR
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externos, requiere que la gestión
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GESTIÓN DE LA DIVERSIDAD EN L’OR
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Cuadro 6: Cuadro Impatriados 6. Imp
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objetivo: facilitar el acceso de lo
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La discriminación en los procesos
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