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7. Estructuras epitaxiales híbridas ferromagnético-semiconductoras<br />

Recientemente se están usando técnicas <strong>de</strong> crecimiento<br />

<strong>de</strong> ultra-alto vacío para crecer láminas cristalinas <strong>de</strong>lgadas<br />

<strong>de</strong> materiales magnéticos, en los mismos sistemas<br />

<strong>de</strong> epitaxia por haces moleculares (MBE) que habitualmente<br />

se emplean para crecer películas semiconductoras.<br />

Estos métodos <strong>de</strong> crecimiento están permitiendo<br />

obtener gran variedad <strong>de</strong> materiales y estructuras<br />

híbridas novedosas, que pue<strong>de</strong>n encontrar aplicación<br />

en dispositivos <strong>de</strong> almacenamiento <strong>de</strong> información,<br />

magneto-ópticos, y espintrónicos (<strong>de</strong> electrónica<br />

<strong>de</strong> espín). Se han analizado las propieda<strong>de</strong>s estructurales<br />

y magnéticas <strong>de</strong> láminas granulares <strong>de</strong> GaAs:MnAs,<br />

compuestas <strong>de</strong> nano-agregados magnéticos <strong>de</strong> MnAs,<br />

embebidos en una matriz semiconductora <strong>de</strong> GaAs. Las<br />

muestras se prepararon en el Instituto Paul-Dru<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

Berlín recociendo a alta temperatura láminas <strong>de</strong> (Ga,<br />

Mn)As diluido, crecidas por MBE a baja temperatura<br />

sobre sustratos <strong>de</strong> GaAs(001). Se obtiene respuesta<br />

superparamagnética o ferromagnética a campos magnéticos<br />

aplicados <strong>de</strong>pendiendo <strong>de</strong>l tamaño promedio<br />

<strong>de</strong> los agregados. La temperatura <strong>de</strong> Curie más elevada<br />

<strong>de</strong>l material granular, en comparación con MnAs <strong>de</strong><br />

volumen no tensionado, parece ser consecuencia <strong>de</strong>l<br />

estado tensionado <strong>de</strong> los nanocristales <strong>de</strong> MnAs.<br />

7. Hybrid ferromagnetic-semiconductor<br />

epitaxial structures<br />

Ultrahigh-vacuum growth techniques are recently being<br />

used to grow thin crystalline films <strong>of</strong> magnetic materials,<br />

in the same molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)<br />

systems commonly used for the growth <strong>of</strong> semiconductor<br />

films. These growth procedures are yielding a<br />

variety <strong>of</strong> new hybrid materials and structures that may<br />

prove useful for data storage, magneto- optical, and<br />

spin-electronics (spintronics) <strong>de</strong>vice applications. The<br />

structural and magnetic properties <strong>of</strong> granular<br />

GaAs:MnAs films, consisting <strong>of</strong> magnetic MnAs nanoclusters<br />

embed<strong>de</strong>d in a semiconducting GaAs matrix,<br />

have been analyzed. The samples were synthesized in<br />

the Paul-Dru<strong>de</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (Berlin) by high-temperature<br />

annealing <strong>of</strong> diluted (Ga, Mn)As films grown by MBE at<br />

low temperatures on GaAs(001) substrates.<br />

Superparamagnetic or ferromagnetic responses to<br />

applied magnetic fields result <strong>de</strong>pending on the average<br />

cluster size. The higher Curie temperature <strong>of</strong> the<br />

granular material, as compared to unstrained bulk<br />

MnAs, appears to be due to the strained state <strong>of</strong> the<br />

MnAs nanocrystals.<br />

1. M. Moreno, A. Trampert, L. Däweritz, and K. H. Ploog, Appl. Surf. Sci. 234 (2004) 16-21.<br />

8. Estudio <strong>de</strong> biomoléculas por AFM<br />

La proteína SP-B es un componente <strong>de</strong>l complejo lípidoproteína<br />

que constituye el surfactante pulmonar, el cual<br />

reduce la tensión superficial <strong>de</strong> la intercara aire-líquido<br />

y previene el colapso alveolar. Hemos estudiado películas<br />

<strong>de</strong> lípidos DPPC y DPPG en ausencia y presencia (a<br />

distintas concentraciones) <strong>de</strong> SP-B por AFM. Estas películas<br />

fueron transferidas sobre substratos <strong>de</strong> mica. Las<br />

películas estaban formadas por dominios líquidos con<strong>de</strong>nsados<br />

(LC) y expandidos (LE). Se comprobó que la<br />

SP-B altera la morfología <strong>de</strong> ambos dominios en las<br />

micro y nanoescalas. A nivel nanoscópico, SP-B causa<br />

una evi<strong>de</strong>nte reducción <strong>de</strong>l tamaño <strong>de</strong> los nanodominios<br />

con<strong>de</strong>nsados en la fase LE y un incremento <strong>de</strong> la<br />

longitud <strong>de</strong> la intercara LE/LC. Esta influencia es mayor<br />

para sistemas mixtos DPPC/DPPG que en sistemas<br />

DPPC puros, indicando contribuciones adicionales <strong>de</strong>bidas<br />

a las interacciones electrostáticas lípido-proteína.<br />

8. AFM study <strong>of</strong> biomolecules<br />

SP-B protein is a component <strong>of</strong> pulmonary surfactant, a<br />

lipid/protein complex secreted by the alveolar epithelium<br />

<strong>of</strong> lungs, which reduces the surface tension <strong>of</strong> the<br />

air-liquid interface and prevents collapse <strong>of</strong> alveoli at<br />

end-expiration. We have studied DPPC and DPPG lipid<br />

films, both in absence and presence <strong>of</strong> SP-B (at different<br />

concentrations) by AFM. These films were transferred<br />

onto mica substrates in or<strong>de</strong>r to be analyzed by AFM.<br />

The films were composed by liquid con<strong>de</strong>nsed (LC) and<br />

expan<strong>de</strong>d (LE) domains in the micron and submicron<br />

scales. We observed that SP-B affects the morphology <strong>of</strong><br />

both domains at the micro and nano scales. At nanometer<br />

scale, SP-B causes an evi<strong>de</strong>nt reduction <strong>of</strong> the<br />

size <strong>of</strong> the con<strong>de</strong>nsed nanodomains within the LE<br />

domains as well as an increment <strong>of</strong> the length <strong>of</strong> the<br />

LE/LC interface. This influence results to be greater for<br />

mixed DPPC/DPPG systems than for pure DPPC ones,<br />

which indicates additional contributions <strong>of</strong> electrostatic<br />

interactions lipid-protein.<br />

1.Cruz, A.; Vázquez, L.; Vélez, M.; Pérez-Gil, J. ., Biophys. J. 86 (2004) 308.<br />

120

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