l`wfgi xtq

l`wfgi xtq 

mikxer 

oiihyhebÎoyeb dyn 

oenlh edixny 

zinr jxer 

qekxn olib

milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly `xwnd lrtn 

mizinr mixweg 

xcw oinipa ,ixe`n ediryi ,oiaii l`xyi ,xy`Îxa dyn 

mixecnd iy`x 

d`p dnly ,igxfn mrep ,xf l`tx ,hxqiie cec ,siq` `bxy 

xwgn ixfer 

aiby ozpei ,dxq dlìxab 

iy ìal ,mcpwipen zrti ,clepixb dppx ,oecxeb dingp ,iàb ixe` 

zkinza 

;rcnl zine`ld oxwd ± mircnl zil`xyid zine`ld dincw`d ;zeaxzde jepigd cxyn 

;milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d 

;oti ,rxfn oxw ;zicedi zeaxzl oexkifd oxw ;aeyiid ia` ci 

;`xwnd xwgl ixt oxw ;xìèy zgtyn oxw ;xè`hil 'p qeivel oxw 

;onxct zgtyn ly dceqiin oeixebÎoa cece dlet y"r oxwd ;melapfex qlx'v oxw 

onlf qièle oihxn ;oecxeb miig x"c oeafr ;wxeiÎeip ,l`Îepnr zlidw

miaezk miìap dxez 

milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d zxecdn 

l`wfgi xtq 

mikxer 

oiihyhebÎoyeb dyn 

oenlh edixny 

zinr jxer 

qekxn olib 

c"qyz milyexi 

zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,qpb`n l"i y"r mixtq z`ved

qpb`n z`ved :dvtd 

02-5633370 :qwt ,02-6586659 :'lh ,91390 milyexi ,39099 c"z 

www.magnespress.huji.ac.il hpxhpi` ,magnes@huji.ac.il l"èc 

Ï 

zexeny zeiekfd lk 

zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly `xwnd lrtnl 

ISBN 965-493-186-9 a"zqn 

l`xyia qtcp 

n"ra eipae xpfet :cenire xcq

iweve` i'bwh a`l ycwen df jxk 

oti ,mely zia zlidw ly ipgexd bidpnde cqiind

mipiiprd okez 

9 

zecez 

11 

14 

16 

25 

33 

36 

40 

xliv 

xlix 

mih`xt`d zkxrn i`xa `xwnd gqep zeclez .` 

dxeqnde l`wfgi xtq gqep .a 

miwizrd minebxzd :I h`xt` .b 

l"fg zextqa `xwnd on zeàene dcedi xacn zelibn :II h`xt` .c 

dfipb irhwe miipiadÎinin miixar ciÎiazk :III h`xt` .d 

minrhe cewip ,aizk :IV h`xt` .e 

mixeviwd zniyx 

miitxbeilaia mixeviw 

zenezqe zegezt zeiyxt :gtqp 

èan 

` 

l`wfgi xtq

zecez 

aeyl eppevx ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly j"pzd zxecdna iyilyd jxkd ,l`wfgi xtq ly dxecdnd meqxt mr 

zpicn ly ipyd ìypd ,l"f iavÎoa wgvi :mipyd zvexna `xwnd lrtna eknze ezwtda exfry in lkl zecedle 

zFxikfn ,zecdid ircnl oeknd iy`x ;gexd ircnl dhlewtd ipwic ;mixehwxde dhiqxaipe`d iìyp ;l`xyi 

dxy mixeqtextd : lrtnd zvren ixag ;gexd ircnl dhlewtd ly ldpnd ¦ zeev lk oke ,mixwgnd zfkxe oeknd 

.mwexÎofg zilbe qiqr aehÎmei ,uiaewf xiì ,zti 

zvexna `xwnd lrtna mzkinz lr xtqd xry len mineyx mdizenyy zepxwle miyi`l zecedl eppevx 

qeivel oxw zldpn ,bxanexa dlnt ;zicedi zeaxzl oexkifd oxw ìyp obq ,meàked ix'b x"cl cgeina ,mipyd 

.wxei eip ,l`Îepnr zlidw ,laeq clpex axd ;rxfn oxw x"ei ,dhi'bev i'beiw ;xè`hil 'p 

dppx ,xf l`tx ± dxeqnde miptd gqep :zeevd ixage mixecnd iy`x epikdy xnega dielz mikxerd zk`ln 

,qekxn olib ,xcw oinipa ,hxqiie cec ± dhbleede miraydÎmebxz ;xlcxn dl`pexe oecxeb dingp ,clepixb 

mrep ± dcedi xacn zelibn ;o`din qlx've siq` `bxy ± `zhiytde ozpei mebxz ;lepy dxtye dxq dlìxab 

alyae ,mcpwipen zrtie iàb ixe` ,aiby ozpei ,d`p dnly ± l"fg zextq ;acÎoa ozpei mb mcwen alyae ,igxfn 

,igxfn mrep ± mixge`n miixar ciÎiazk ;oiaii l`xyi ± dfipb irhw ;xyiÎoa mgpne ixe`n ediryi mb mcwen 

,aiby ozpei eriiq oke ,clepixb dppxe iy ìal ,xf l`tx ,oiaii l`xyi ± minecw ciÎiazk ;iàb ixeè aiby ozpei 

.lepy dxty zxfra xwgnd zextql zeiptdd z` siqed qekxn olib .mcw zilbe xlcxn dl`pex ,igxfn mrep 

cenlzd oekn iciÎlr epzywa itÎlr epxear ewzred ilaad cenlzay `xwnd on zeàena ze`qxbd itelig 

itÎlr enyxpy ilaad cenlzd lkl ze`gqepd iiepiy sqe` jezn ,milyexia bevxd axd ci ly mlyd il`xyid 

axd eldpnle oeknd icaerl dpezp epzcez .cenlzd ly mipey`x miqetce dfipbd irhw llek ,ciÎiazk zèeyd 

.xphed ryedi 

oelind jxer ,lh mdxa` 'textl ,zixard oeyll dincw`d ìyp ,xy`Îxa dyn 'textl dpezp epzcez 

cidÎiazk gqep z` llekd 'mixb`n' xehilwza ynzydl zeyxd lr dwizr zextql xecnd icaerle ,ixehqidd 

,qìl` dxeìl :miitivtq mixeaigl mignena epxfrp ok enk .ixehqidd oelind lrtna epwzedy l"fg zextq ly 

;xhqiw mgpn 'texte ixcw xnz ,lcpn qgpt x"c ,l"f uiytil dvxz oeafr ,`pdk mgpn 'text ,lhiixh xfril` 

.mlekl dpezp dpn`pd epzcez 

,oeigÎ'uiaewlt dilei x"c ezxferle l`xyi oeìfena xtqd lkid xve` ,onhiex etlec` x"cl mb dpezp epzcez 

ine`ld mixtqd ziaa ciÎiazk inelvzl oeknd y`x ,xl'vix oinipal ;daev mx` xzk z` wecal epl exyt`y 

oke ;df jxk xear epwcay cidÎiazk inelvz zpkda eriiqy ,xfiie l`xyie oewe` lri ,milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de 

on mixwgnl zeiptd ly swidÎzax dniyx epl exqny n"ra xeniq z`vedn oncixt dgnyle uiytil dxe`l 

.mzeyxay xiyrd itxbeilaiad xb`nd 

zexiqnae zeignena gvip cenirde xcqd lr .qekxn olib gzity aygenn mipezp xb`n zxfra wted df jxk 

dwtdd ialy lka mzxfre mzkinz lr 'uiaepa oc dldpnle qpb`n z`vedl dpezp epzcez .xpfet l`tx x"c axd 

.xtqd ly 

dyn jxry ediryi xtq ly mbcd itÎlr zavern zixard dhiqxaipe`d j"pza l`wfgi xtq ly dxecdnd 

9

oiax miige oenlh edixny ,aeh lèpnr ekxry edinxi xtqe ,(d"pyz ,qpb`n :milyexi) oiihyhebÎoyeb 

.l`wfgi xtq ly `"l wxtl cr dxecdnl qiqa epikd ezeeve l"f oiihyhebÎoyeb 'n .(f"pyz ,qpb`n :milyexi) 

,l`wfgi jxkl èand .igkepd zeevd ixage siq` 'y ,hxqiie 'c zxfra df xneg ycgn ecair qekxn 'be oenlh 'y 

zhiy lr mipeicd on d`vezk .zeiceqia okcere owez ,mincewd mikxkl zeèand mbca avern epcery s` 

zexcbdn dnk zvwna epey ,mixwegd zetwyda zexenzde xwgnd zencwzd zeawra dceard ikxce dxecdnd 

.mih`xtà crezy `vnnd ly mipey mihaid xaca zeilèhqwh zeibeq dnka oeicd agxede zertezd 

mikxerd 

c"qyz oqip 

10

èan 


cgi mlekny ,mdipnfle mdibeql mipeyd zexewnd z` swyl ick da yi ef dxecdnay mih`xt`d zkxrn .1 

l"fg zextqa `xwnd on zeàen ,dcedi xacn zelibn ,miwizrd minebxzd :`xwnd gqep zeclez lr micnl ep` 

zveaw e` xewn lkl raewd wcwecn levit oia dxyt ìd dxecdnd zhiy .miipiadÎinin miixar ciÎiazke 

xnegd zcxtd .dpy miitl`n xzei ly dtewza exahvpy zexewn ly axern ceriz oiae ,cgein h`xt` zexewn 

z` cg` hana siwdl oiirnl xyt`l ick oiicr da yi z`f mre ,igxkdd menipind dz`xp mih`xt` drax`l 

.elek cerizd 

z` wiqdl el xyt`l ick epcia ievnd cerizd lkl oiirnd ly eal zneyz z` xirdl ìd mih`xt`d zxhn .2 

laewnk ,heyt h`xt` ziipa xyt`n epi` eileblba i`xwnd hqwhd ly epina cgeind eite`y `l` .eizepwqn 

mdn cg` lka letihde ,mipeebn dk ecerizl zexewnd ibeqy xg` hqwh oi` .libxa ziq`lw hqwh zxecdna 

zxbqna fkxl ywany in ipta zecnerd zecgeind zeirad lr xabzdl dqpn ef dxecdn .elyn jxc yeaib jixv 

.jk lk dpey ite` ilra micr zg` dxecdn 

lkei ,odilr qqean xnegd xeciqy zegpdd on zg` s` lawi `ly iny jk oiirnd iptl ezellka àen xnegd .3 

swyn gxkday xcqa zebven odibeql ze`qxbd ,z`f mr cgi .inleb xneg sqe` l`k mih`xt`d zkxrn l` zybl 

zav zpigaa md zllek dtwyd yeaibe mih`xtà ziyrnd dceard .`xwnd gqep zeclezl mikxerd zyib z` 

,`xwnd gqep zeiraa mincew mipeir ly zepwqnd z` ztwyn ef dxecdn ly mih`xt`d zkxrne ,dieyr zava 

1 

.`xwnd ly zircn dxecdn ly dpeilrd dxhnd epi` 'ixewnd gqepd' xefgyy epiid 

dcxtdd ly miihxe`zd zeceqid z` x`zl ozip ef zxbqna .ixard gqepd avip mih`xt`d jxrn ala .4 

dpey`xd dxiqnd ztewz .dtÎlra dxiqn `xwnd ixtqn dnk exqnp dligzkln 2 

.uxnp xeviwa wx mih`xt`l 

xryl wx leki hqwhd xweg 3 

.zexryd zervnà `l` dil` xecgl oiè ,ciÎiazka ceriz lk iptl èt` zniizqn 

.jliè diipyd dxiqnd ztewz ony cidÎiazka dizeietwzyd xe`l zexidf zexryd dilr 

,166±165 ,TCHB ,aeh ;163±162 ,142±144 ,‘Textual Criticism’ ,oenlh e`x (Urtext) 'ixewnd gqepd' byena oeicl 

ekxrp o`k mixkfpd mixwgnd ,mixacd rahn .(zilbpà èand seqa e`x miitxbeilaiad mixeviwd zniyxl) 172±170 

.dxecdnd ceqia zegpend dl`l xzeia zeaexwd od mzyibe mztwydy ,`xwnd lrtn ly zeevd ixag icia mxwira 

.197±187 ,TCHB ,aeh ;148±142 ,‘Textual Criticism’ ,oenlh e`x hxetn oeicl 

S. Talmon, ‘Oral Tradition and Written Transmission, or the Heard and the Seen Word in Judaism of the Second 

Temple Period’, Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition (JSNT Sup. 64; ed. H. Wansbrough; Sheffield: Sheffield 

Academic Press, 1991) 121–158 

1 

2 

3 

11

èan 

dcedi xacna elbzpy ciÎiazka cerizd ztewz ,diipyd dtewzd on xneg èt` milikn mih`xt`d .5 

.jliè q"dptl diipyde ziyilyd d`na eazkp mday minecwde 

minebxza mitwzynd milcad :mipeilrd mih`xt`d ipy oia xnegd zcxtd ceqia cnerd èd oeyld lcad .6 

oeghia oi` mlerl ik cnln minebxzd xwg .`qib jci`n miixar micra micreznd mitelige ,`qib cgn miwizrd 

.dcvnn e` o`xnewn dlibn oebk ixar xewna mb zcrezn ìd ok m` `l` ,cala xefgy ìdy dqxbl xyà xenb 

.zixara dxnzypy dqxbl yiy jxrd eze` oi` zxfgeyn dqxb meyl jkitl 

xwga dxeka cnrn qtezd ,miraydÎmebxza cegiiae miwizrd minebxza ze`vnpd ynn ly ze`qxb .7 

minebxzd h`xt` meik xwgnd avna .miixard zexewna exnypy ze`qxbd lr daxda oxtqna zeler ,gqepd 

.ixard hqwhl zgzn oey`x qtcp jkitle ,xzeia aeygd epcer 

my`xae ± minbxznd ikxc xg` zewgzde ipeyl oeir .b wxta oldl ozip I h`xtà meyixd ikxc hexit .8 

,miax miiepiye ,cala ipeinc xefgy ixt opi` dxeqnd gqepn zeheqd ze`qxby elrd ± miraydÎmebxz ilra 

xtq lk ef dpigan mpn` .eipta cnry ixard rvnd z` mitwyn d`xpk ,mbxzna dxe`kl mzelzl did ozipy 

edinxin `le lèny xtq lr ynegd ly gqepd zeclezn deey dxfb cenll oiè ,etebl oeir jixv `xwnd ixtqn 

zeiexyt`d zliwy cbpk miwizrd minebxzd cgà ztwzynd dqxb ly zexyt`d zliwy 4 

.ediryi lr 

5 

.epipta zecnerd zeirad aex lr zegtl oiirnd z` cinrdl ick da `di ,mebxz eze` jeza zeipyxtÎzeipeyld 

exewnl mbxznd zepn`p lr driavnd zeilelin ,l`wfgi xtql miraydÎmebxza ziqgi dlecbd zeilelind zcin 

l`wfgi xtqa mixacd avn .dpey ixar xewn ztwyn zipeeidy zexyt`l ie`xd lwynd ozpiiy zyxec ,ixard 

dcaerl .mebxzd zwipkh zpigan xzei ziyteg dyib ea dlbn ipeeid mebxzdy ,ediryi xtq ly dfn èt` dpey 

6 

.eneyix lre xnegd zkxrd lr znled drtyd dziid z`f 

z` swyn I h`xt` cera .mih`xt`d x`ye I h`xt` oiay dpand ilcad ceqia micner milewiy dyely .9 

,mipeebn migqep meiw lr znieqn dcina cirne ,`xwnd ly aezkd gqepd zecleza xzeia mecwd alyd 

aly illk oteà mitwyn (II h`xtà zecreznd ,dcedi xacnn zelibnd irhw z` ìvedl) mixg`d mih`xt`d 

zeneyxd zecaerl miixyt` mixaqde ,xedxdl ie`xe xiaq d`xpy lk ìadl ick eyrp mivn`n .xzei xge`n 

.zexrda miàen h`xtà 

zeqqean epizerici eid eli` .mih`xt`l xnegd zwelg mvrl xeyw ezellka `vnnd zwican `veid xg` ot .10 

ztewzn micrde o`kn oaxegd ztewzl cr micrd oebk ,miixehqid mieew itl zecaerd z` oiinl did xyt` ,xzei 

.el dncwy dtewza zeiegztzdl zenec opi` jliè onf eze`ny `xwnd gqep zeclez .jliè o`kn oaxegd 

d`nd ly oey`xd yilyde dxitql dpey`xd d`nd ly oexg`d yilyd epiidc ,ziad oaxeg xg`ly dtewzd 

7 

.ozelbl xyt`y dnk cr ,`xwnd gqep zecleza megiz ewk zhlea ,diipyd 

.196 ,TCHB ,aeh eeyd 

.5 wxt ,TCU ,aeh e`x miraydÎmebxza zetwzynd 'zenecn'e 'zeizin`' ze`qxba hxetn oeicl 

G. : e`x hxta l`wfgi xtql miraydÎmebxz ly zeilelind zbxcle llka mebxzd zwipkh ly dkxrdd zeaiygl 

Marquis, ‘Word Order as a Criterion for the Evaluation of Translation Technique in the LXX and the Evaluation 

of Word-Order Variants as Exemplified in LXX-Ezekiel’, Textus 13 (1986) 59–84; idem, ‘Consistency of 

Lexical Equivalents as a Criterion for the Evaluation of Translation Technique as Exemplified in the 

LXX-Ezekiel’, VI Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies (Septuagint 

zwipkh ly dkxrdd zeaiygl .and Cognate Studies 23; ed. C. Cox; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987) 405-424 

.29±17 ,TCU ,aeh e`x `xwnd gqep xwgl eznexze miraydÎmebxz xwg zxbqna mebxzd 

.148±147 ,gqep ,oenlh eeyd 

4 

5 

6 

7 

12


oiicr z`f mre ,'izxeqnÎmcwd' gqepd e` 'dxeqnd gqep' ly dxenb hrnk zehlzyd yi jliè df alyn .11 

h`xt` lk zwelg ixd ,minebxzd zexeqn zeedzd ly dkeaqd diral qpkidl ila s` .ziteq zxeqn zecg` ef oi` 

zipeird dpigad on .xeztzyn xzei zeaexn zeira xeviz `xwnd gqep zeclezay megiz ew eze` itl miipyl 

zexewnn ixard xnegd lke ,oey`xd h`xtà llkii minebxzd lkn xfgeynd xnegdy ahen zg`k ziyrnde 

.(d wxt ,oldl e`x) ipyd h`xtà llkii dxeqnd ilral mincewd miixar 

mipey mibeqn zexewn oeebna zecrezne ,cgeina zeakxen `xwnd ly gqepd zeclez ,(2Ê) lirl xen`k .12 

on oiiteà èt` zepey i`xwn xtq ly gqep zxecdn ikxer ipta zecnerd zeiceznd zeirad .zepey zepeylae 

meyix h`xt`d lr qinrdl oi` .zg` zipeyl zxeqna elylzypy ciÎiazk deeynd jxer ipta zeavipd zeirad 

lcade lcad lk ly ekxr z` lewyln qepn oiè ,iyxcn xeaiga e` mebxza diihq lk ly dpgad lehpe ipkn 

.h`xtà meyxl yi 'zecaer' eli` rawii mxha 

cinz miieyr mde ,mixteqd zlerta mceqiy miiepiy wxe j` hrnk millek III h`xtà miàend mipezpd .13 

,milekiU ,zeivfipenxd oebk) dwzrd ly d`vezk exvepy milcad e` miipeyl minxeb gekn ycgn cleeidl 

ze`qxb oebk ,mixg` mibeqn mb milcad millek mipey`xd mih`xt`d ipy eliè ,(dlà `veike zeivltpew 

cid iazk mze`l zraewd ìd miiepiyd iqetiha ef dlabn .zetcxp milin e` zelcap gqep zexeqn zetwynd 

8 

.mnvrl mewn jliè jxra zipinyd d`nd ony mii`xwnd 

xy` ,zg` ci zerav`k ,xzeia mihren mihlea hewipw inin enyxp mdize`qxby cid iazk itl` oia .14 

ze`na zecdia ifkxn mxf dziid xak dxeqnd gqep zgtyn .dxen`d dlabnd on dxe`kl zebxeg mdize`qxb 

zeixewn ze`qxb lr minrtl zexneyd ,zexg` gqep zexeqn mb e`vnp dcvl la` ,oaxegd ztewz iptly 

dtewz dze` jezl elit` jynp dqxb ilcad ly sehthy micirn l"fg zextqa `xwnd on mihehivd .zeitelge 

zexeqn ly wcwecnd meyixd llba x`yd oia ,iteq mixecd xeyiie ziaxn dcg`d da xar `xwnd gqepy 

ileli` ,jliè dxeqnd ilra ztewzn miixar ciÎiazka ze`vnpd ze`qxbn mlrzdl did xyt` 9 .dìxwd 

ciÎiazk dying exgap minicwn mixwgn zeawra .dl` oirn dqxb ilcad mixnynd ,mihren ci iazk ly `vnnd 

.III h`xtà enyxp mditelige ,(150 ,96 ,93 ,89 ,30 :hewipw itl mdixtqn) df beqn 

mx` xzk' èd epzxecdn ly miptd gqepk ynyl xzeia mi`znd cidÎazk meik epizerici avnl m`zda .15 

.eilr eci jnq m"anxd mbe ,xy`Îoa oxd` recid dxeqnd lral qgein df ciÎazk .zixiyrd d`nd ony (`) 'daev 

z` gxkda draw ezxeqnae df ciÎazka dxigad .df ciÎazk ly dxeqnd mb dxecdna zàen hqwhd mr cgi 

.minrhde cewipd ,aizkd h`xt` èd ,IV h`xtà micreznd zexewnd ly miiteè maih 

wxe ,III h`xtà zeà df h`xt`l zeiniptd zeiptdd aex .e wxta mipecp IV h`xt`l mirbepd mihxt .16 

gqepd zxeqn jeza dxiyi dwif èt` zetwyn dl` zeinipt zeiptd .(18Ê e`x) mixg` mih`xtà mihren mixwna 

.miipiadÎinin miixard cidÎiazk ly 

jyna `xwnd gqep zeclez z` èt` mibivn mzellka mih`xt`d ,dnvr ipta dcigik iepa h`xt` lky s` .17 

ze`xwn' zxecdnl cre miraydÎmebxzne dcedi xacna e`vnpy xzeia minecwd mirhwd on ,dpy miitl`l aexw 

.dixg`y miqetcl a` oiipa dzyrpy miigÎoa awri ly 'zelecb 

zepneqnd zeinipt zeiptda exywp md ,dnec e` ddf zecr (dxe`kl) micirn xzei e` mih`xt` ipyy mewna 

.18 

M.H. Goshen-Gottstein, ‘Hebrew Biblical Manuscripts: Their History and Their Place in the HUBP Edition’, 

Biblica 48 (1967) 243–290 

.(3 dxrd ,lirl) oenlh e`x 

8 

9 

13

èan 

mecw mebxz ly dqxby jxck ,envrlyk ihpb xywl oniq dpi` efk diptd .(t s r) zeizgz zeinex zeizeà 

lcb zg` zecr micirn zexewnd lk m` .mipxqnd inin ixar ciÎazka mb dznbec yi m` swez xzi zlhep dpi` 

dxwn dfiàe micrd zetxhvdl zeaiyg yi i`pz dfià .dtebl dze` lewyl jixv oiicr la` ,zecrd ly dkxr 

.dxwnl dxwnn zepzydl leki avnd ± cg`d on dti miipyd gek oi` 

icil mià mpi` mipeyd mih`xtày mireawd milnqde mixeviwdy gihadl ick rwyed ax un`n .19 

,ernynl lnqd oia xexa xyw yi aex itÎlr .mipeyd mih`xt`l zeèana epzip mihxetn mixaqd .zeybpzd 

epknzqdy zexewnd ehxet mb mih`xt`d on cg` lkl zeèana .h`xt` lka wiecna aexl rawp df rnyn la` 

.mdilr 

daexn un`n .znieqn daizl yiy miteligd lk z` hana siwdl `xewl xyt`l crein mih`xt`d dpan .20 

ecaer zeiecrde ,I h`xt`l rbep xacdy lkk cegiia ,epciay ze`qxbd itqeà àend lk zkxrda rwyed 

lkl siwn ilèhqwhe ibelelit yexite zeiecrd ly ceaird jildz ly `ln xeìz .jynzne wcwecn xwgna 

10 

.ytp z`yn xcba exzep dàedy dqxb 

ynn ly xexia oda yi xy`k wx zepzip zircn zextql zeiptd .(55 ,54ÊÊ) oldl oecp zexrdd ly oaih .21 

gqepa zexeywd zeibeqae zerteza wdaena micwnznd mixwgnl èt` zenvnhvn ode ,dxrda oecpd oiiprd ly 

.eize`qxb itelig lr xe` zekteye ,(dlà `veike zexfgeyn ze`qxb ,mebxzd zwipkh oebk) l`wfgi xtq 

hexita dpecp mih`xt`de eil` zieelpd dxeqnd ,(`) 'daev mx` xzk' ly miptd gqep zbvda dxecdnd jxc .22 

.oldlc èand iwxta 

ieeigy s` 

11 

.ea miyeaiyd miax ike ,mixteynd on epi` l`wfgi xtq gqepy mixwegd exriy ax onf dfn .23 

zbvend zxahvnd zecrd ixd ,dxecdnd zexhn lr dpnp epi` l`wfgi xtq ly 'zexnzydd avn' lr zllek drc 

dira .ze`qxbd ly oiite` lr zwiecne dtiwn dpenz oiirnd icia zzl zcrein zexrdae mih`xtà df jxka 

ektde ,zeaexw mizrl mda miltxern miilkixc` mihxt ly miipkhd mihxtnd ;gn±n miwxtd eaivd zcgein 

12 

.hrnk ixyt` izlal mipeyd zexewnd oia gqepd ilcad oein z` 


lr ,(`) 'daev mx` xzk' dpeknd cidÎazk gqep z` ,ozip xacdy lkk ,zepwiica bivn dxecdnd mipt .24 

.ely dlecbde dphwd dxeqnd 

x`y mr dèeydd .l`xyi zevetza lawzpy 'izxeqnd gqepd' qetihl epciay xzeia aeygd crd èd ` .25 

epnn xzei ie`xd xg` ciÎazk oi` jk meyn .xy`Îoa zxeqn ibivp lkn on`pd èdy dcirn df qetihn cidÎiazk 

13 

.(15Ê lirl e`x) ipxahd 'laewnd gqepd' itl `xwn zxecdn ly mipR § ynyl 

S. Talmon and E. Tov, ‘A Commentary on the Text of Jeremiah: I. The LXX of : e`x df oirn yexitl dnbeck 

Jeremiah 1:1–7’, Textus 9 (1981) 1–15 

.BETL ,hqel e`x dibeqd ly gep mekiql 

G.A. Cooke, ‘Some Considerations on the Text and Teaching of Ezekiel 40–48’, ZAW 42 (1924) 105–115 eeyd 

M.H. Goshen-Gottstein, ‘The Authenticity of :e`x xy`Îoa oxd`l eqegii lre daev mx` xzk ly ezepnidn lr oeicl 

the Aleppo Codex’, Textus 1 (1960) 17-58; J.S. Penkower, ‘Maimonides and the Aleppo Codex’, Textus 9 (1981) 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14


:dl` mihxta cidÎazkn dheq dxecdnd 

.26 

.cidÎazka enk mixeh dyelya `le ,cenrd agexl zexeya qtcp hqwhd 

.dnezq dyxt zpnqn [q] ,dgezt dyxt zpnqn [t] ,miqetc dnka laewnk 

Îxcq § lr ciakdl epi`x `l jkitl .edylk oexwir ceqi lr eyrp ik dzlib `l dtxd ipeniq zwica 

14 

.dtxd ieew ztqeza dqtcdd 

xcrd .'weliq' oeniqa wtzqde ,miizcewp xteqd lihd `l weqt seqay ìd xzka icnl dlibx drtez 

zccea dcewp dl`k mixwna eptqed jk meyn .zipxcen dxecdna dkean mexbl ieyr weqit oniq lk 

. 

. zdaben 

xezi` lr dlwd myl lecb geex zervnà dlecbd dxeqna mipeyd miweqtl fenixd zeaiz oia epcxtd 

.miweqtd 

zeaiyg qgiil oi` ik xazqn mle` ,dl`nyn mewna drepzl oinin dirb xteqd oniq zexicp mizrl 

.drepzl l`nyn zqtcen dirb lk okl 

15 

.jkl 

e` xteqd zerh mi`xpd yi ,minrhe cewip ipniq zeaxl ,` likny azkd ipniq itl` zexyr oia 

zeierhd lr epxrdy yi .dlà `veike dxeqnd zeilebir ,miybc ,minrha mirbep mleke ,oxqnd 

;'jcin' 18 b lynl e`x) IV h`xtà oneq oewizde mipta epwezy yie ,('did' 3 ` lynl e`x) zexrda 

16 

.('jizclne' 3 fh 

(`) 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(f) 

mewna wx epiev mipewize zewign xaca zexrd .` ly oirl d`xpd avnd z` swyn o`k qtcend hqwhd .27 

jxka 17 .dnecke mrhd e` cewipd oewiz ,ze` ly dwign e` ztqez oebk ,gqepd oiiprl zeaiyg qgiil xyt`y 

18 

.ybcd mewin cvn dyebc U oiae dyebc W oia ` oigany dpgadd dpey`xl dbved df 

z` zewgl zepeiqip .jpe`na dphwd dxeqnd meyix dì cidÎazka enk mixv mixeha hqwhd zaizkl .28 

zeilebird ifenix itl ,ofe`n jynda zexvw zexeya èt` zxceqn dphwd dxeqnd .dti elr `l qetca dfd xeciqd 

hiht zexey izya dphwd dxeqnd dxceq ,hqwh ly zg` dxeya miaexn dxeqn ifenix ly dxwna .miptay 

dxrd oia dcixtn zilebir .cenrd y`xa zxceqn dlecbd dxeqnd .(2 n lynl e`x) mipta zg` dxey cbpk 

lynl e`x) zexrda zxkfp zfnxpd dlind fè ,zilebir `ll dà dxeqn zxrd minrt .cidÎazka bdepk dxrdl 

zexrd .('enlè' 21 n lynl e`x) zexrda xacd oiev f` mbe ,dxeqn zxrd `ll dà zilebiry e` ,('lkidd' 20 `n 

miixbeqa zexfgeyn (miiela miiley ly dxwna ,lynl) cidÎazka zexqgd dl`k e` ogprtl xyt` i`y dxeqn 

.(21 n lynl e`x) ixyt` xacd m` ,mieefn 

xrxrn ,mixg`l dneca ,155±136 (d"kyz) cl uiaxz ,'?xy`Îoa oxd` icia alg xzk cwpp mpn`d' ,ozec '` ;39-128 

D.S. Loewinger, ‘The : mb eeyd .xy`Îoa zxeqn ly xzeia aehd bivpd èd df ciÎazky mikqn j` ,df qegii lr 

ileblble daev mx` xzk ly eielib zyxtl .Aleppo Codex and the Ben Asher Tradition’, Textus 1 (1960) 59–111 

xtqd lkida meik xnyp cidÎazk .I. Ben-Zvi, ‘The Codex of Ben Asher’, Textus 1 (1960) 1-16 : e`x cidÎazk 

.milyexia l`xyi oeìfenay 

.('mcnra' 25 ` lynl e`x) dtx ewa zpneqn ze`de ybcl rbep seligd xy`k IV h`xtà mipzip dtx ipniq 

,a miwxt cgeina ,(h"kyz ,qpb`n :milyexi) einrhe ecewip :daev mx` xzk ,oiaii 'i e`x dirbd zl`ya dvnn oeicl 

.90 'nr ,my e`x dirbd mewin oiiprl ;c 

'lkl' daiza dbiznd .l`wfgi xtql ` gqepa e`vnp (miitxb mipniq 150,000Îk jezn) xteq zeierh miyelyn xzei 

.cidÎazka dzxevk dqtcpe ,zerh dppi` d`xpk (33 fh) 

.xyrÎixz ixtq zxecdnl gtqpa èai ` i"kay mipexg` miìap ixtqa mipewizde zewignd ly `ln xeìz 

.49 ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) oiaii e`x 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

15

minebxzd :I h`xt` .b 

xnegd meyix jxevl .xzeia zexengd zeirad z` cinrn minebxzd h`xt` dceard zhiy zpigan .29 

.df qiqan diihqk myxp mdipinl micrd on dlerd lke ,oezp qiqak (r"p) ixard dxeqnd gqep qtzp mih`xtà 

mixkfp dl`k dqxb iiepiye ,mebxze mebxz lk ly eizecleza elgy zeinipt zeiegztzd xg` awer epi` h`xt`d 

.ixard gqepd xwgl oiipr mda yi m` wx 

xyt` zibelelite zixehqid dpigane ,cwepn did `l mipencwd minbxznd ipta gpen didy ixard gqepd .30 

ipxahd cewipa ztwzyn ìdy itk milind zìxwl mirbepd dqxb ilcad h`xtà ìadl dwcvda wtq lihdl 

gipdl xzen j` .cwepn izla hqwh ceqi lr enbxeze ,mipy ze`na eyeaibl encwy ,minebxzae dxeqnd gqep ly 

ick wx dqxb ilcad ly dlecb dveawn mlrzdl zerh ef `dze 

19 

,hqwhd ly dìxw zxeqn minbxznl dziidy 

mizrl zepeknd) df beqn ze`qxb èt` zllek ef dxecdn .ixehqidd avnl zepn`p ly hyten lewiy ynnl 

20 

.('cewip' itelig 

oeeibd on xazqny itk ,mitcxp minebxz e` ,zetcxp ze`qxb ztwyn ile` mitelig ly znieqn dveaw .31 

ik d`xp .mda `veike 'm"iy/o"zp' ,'ux`/dcy' ,'r"ci/d"`x' ,'xry/xir' ,'(l`xyi) zia/ipa' zeaizd yeniya 

,ixard rvna selig ly zexyt`d on mlrzdl did ozip `l mle` ,mebxzd ztya mb zetelgk eqtzp el` milin 

zelirt zexev oia lcadd oebk ,minieqn miiwecwc mitelig lr lg dnec oic 21 .h`xtà ecrez dl`k mitelige 

ecrez j` ,mebxzd znxa ygxzdl eid mileki dl`k mixwn mb .(13 gi lynl e`x) 'zeni/znei' oinn zeliaqe 

.(53Ê oldl e`x) 'dfzìc' leniqd zgz llk jxca ,dxecdna 

xwira ,zeizextq zecigi ly zexzekl mirbepd minebxzd oia milcad enyxp l`wfgi xtq zxecdna .32 

(1 fl) zeyaid zenvrd oefga oebk ,dl uegn mb j` ,(1 ek ;15 ,1 dk lynl e`x) miiebd lr zeèapd zaihga 

gqep ilcad miipiite` cegiia .() mieefn miixbeqa h`xtà epneq el` zexzek 

22 

.(1 gl) bebne beb znglnae 

.miraydÎmebxz zxeqna mb zeievn od j` ,`zhiytl el` zexzek ly 

:minebxzd ilnq dlè 

23 

.zixard on oixyina enbxezy minebxza mitwzynd gqep ilcad llek I h`xt` 

.33 

x 

] 

* 

T 

[ 

r"p 

y 

e 

z 

q 

ixard dxeqnd gqep 

miraydÎmebxz 

dhblee 

ozpei mebxz 

`zhiyt 

:zeixwir zeveaw yelyl wlgl xyt` r"pl mebxz oiay milcadd z` .34 

.dnecke xywd ineìz ,rand zwlgd ,zixiagz dyib ,iwecwc dpan ilcada maexa miielzd ,mixfeg miiepiy (`) 

milnqa mifenx dl` miiepiy .ixard ervna ipey lr mebxzd ciri mieqn dxwnay zexyt`d on mlrzdl oi` mxa 

.43±39 ,TCHB ,aeh e`x 

.4 ak lr h`xtà e`x dirad znbcdl 

.‘Synonymous Readings’ ,oenlh e`x ze`nbec ziieela ef drteza `ln oeicl 

;('eke 'oenr ipal' ,'aènl') 28 ,7 ,1 hn ,1 gn 'xi ;('eke 'wync `yn' ,'aèn `yn') 1 hi ,1 fi ,1 eh 'yi lynl eeyd 

.mda `veike ('zayd lr') 14 i c"a 

oia oigadl xyt` i`y hrnk mixwnd aexay meyn ,minebxzd oia zixyt` zipyn drtyd dlwyp `l llk jxca 

.mii`nvr j` minec minebxz oiae ziccd drtyd 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

16


dpigan .(53Ê) oldl xaqend itk ,bviin seligdy drtezd lr micirnd ,verb ,num ,pers qetihn miilelin 

xyt`y milcady reawl xzen .zexreynd ze`qxbd xzi lk lr xeriy oi`l miler elld miiepiyd zizenk 

znerl dzegt zeaiyg mdl yi ,gqepd zelylzyd znxa od mebxzd jxc znxa od ,'zexfeg zertez'k mpiit`l 

.'zeipiipr' ze`qxb 

izya ebvede ,miraydÎmebxz iabl wx I hx`tà `ln oteà enyxp xeaigd e"ieea yeniya milcad .35 

lcadd ,(zepeyd zetya htynd xiagza aygzda) lcadl daiqd z` mbxznl qgiil xzei xiaq xy`k 

24 

:mikxc 

e"ieea yeniy ilcad.(>) xqgd lnqa zpneqn minebxzd cgà e"ieed zxqgd mixg` mixwna ;& lnqa oneqn 

25 

.IV-III mihx`tà micreznd miixard cidÎiazke dcedi xacn zelibn iabl mèlna enyxp 

zexqgd e` zetqed epiid ,'zeipiipr' ze`qxb mitwynk mqtzl ozipy ,mebxzl r"p oia miiepiy (a) .36 

micrezn dl`k gqep ilcad .mcewd sirqa xcbend megzl xarn mihtyna e` milina miiepiy oke 26 ,hqwha 

dneiw mvr ike ,dxryd xcba cinz èd mebxz jezn dqxb xefgy ik xekfl yi 

27 

.dxrd ziieela mizrl ,h`xtà 

28 

.r"p iptÎlr dticr ìdy eyexit oi` mebxza ztwzynd dqxb ly xreynd 

xaqdd d`xp ¨ ipyxtd haidd m` mb la` .zeipyxt zeaiqn enxbp ik d`xpy ,mebxzl r"p oia miiepiy (b) .37 

.dni`zn xefgy zrvd epcia oi`y meyn wx eneyixn eprpnp `l ,iepiyl xzeia aehd 

e`) zetwynd zecaerd z` bivdl crep ède ,(53Ê oldl eeyd) ilelin izla èd IV-I mih`xtà meyixd .38 

,zilelin dxeva egqepy (54Ê oldl e`x) zeipyxtd zexrdd on milcap mih`xt`d jka .ze`qxb (swyl zeieyr 

xefgy zervd zlily e` miillk milewiy ,mitqep mipezp ,xefgy zervd ,xaqd ixac oiirnd ipta zerivn ode 

.zenecn ze`qxb ly 

pron ,num ,pers milneqnd dl` cegiia ,iwecwc ite` ilra miiepiy oeiv e` ,(xqg) > oebk milnqa meyix .39 

;2 dxrd 14 g lynl e`x) zexrda mipecp md minieqn mixwna mle` .mdil`n mixaqenl miaygp ,mda `veike 

.(1 dxrd 24 `k 

.zexrda zicbp drvd `ll meyx i`ce hrnk xefgy .ozexiaq xcq itl zexrda eàed zexfgeyn ze`qxb .40 

ly znieqn dcina xeìa e` zixyt` dqxb oiivn ( p) 'ile`' :dkxrda minrtl zeeln ª zexrday xefgyl zervdd 

29 

.xefgy zrvd oihelgl lley '`l' ;zrvend dqxbl qiqa lk hrnk oi` epzrcl ik oiivn (hardly) 'xiaq `l' ;wtq 

mdn mb enyxp ,zixiagz dpigan mrh ea yie ,lwyn lra (seligÎy) miraydÎmebxz ly cidÎiazka cerizd m` 

.(10 ì lynl e`x) e"ie itelig 

zexewna micrezn md elit` ,mipeyd miixiagzd diciwtz lr e"ie xeaigd zilina miteligl zeaiyg qgiil yi m` wtq 

zepnidn z` jixrdl zxyt`n dpi` mebxz zetya dl zeliawnd zeilinae zi`xwnd zixara da yeniyd jxc ;miixar 

mixg` minebxz iabl e"ieea selig crez miraydÎmebxz caln .(53Ê oldl e`x) 'lk' dlind lr lg dnec oic .miteligd 

.158±154 ,TCU ,aeh eeyd .(9 ,7 dk lynl e`x) xywda gqepd e` xiagzd zpigan dwcvd jkl dziid m` wx 

dyinge miyelyk mdy ,zekxrdd zg` itl mixwn 625 ick cr zeler ode ,zeax zexqgd yi l`wfgil miraydÎmebxza 

G. Marquis, The Translation Technique Reflected in LXX-Ezekiel e`x .(dl`k mixwn 553 ecrez h`xtà) miweqt 

zexqgdd zkxrdl liren ilkl .334±333 ,TCHB ,aeh ;(MA thesis; Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1982) 188 

G. Marquis and F. Polak, A Classified Index of the Minuses of the Septuagint (CATSS Basic e`x miraydÎmebxza 

Tools 4; Stellenbosch, 2002) 

,(mecwd ixard azka mb) dxeve lilv zepeinc oebk ,miiepiyd mixàzn okezny zepeyd zertezd ehxet `l aex itÎlr 

.dlà `veike zihilwp` m"n ,dtevx daizk ,zexehbil 

.89±57 ,TCU ,aeh e`x ze`qxb xefgy lr hxetn oeicl 

.52Ê oldl mb eeyd ;(4 dxrd 40 k ;1 dxrd 54 fh lynl e`x) xefgy zervd dnk zeàen mizrl 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

17

èan 

mdl yiy mixfeg milcad ly mibeq epiidc ,'zertezd gztn' itÎlr milcade miiepiy zepiit`n mb zexrdd 

`veike (etym ,''nih`') ibelenih` yexit ,(struct) 'dpan' ,(exeg) 'zepyxt' oebk mnvrn mixàznd mixeviw 

ipta iyew eaivd ile`y r"pa mixg` e` miixiagz miiywl ald zneyz z` zeaqn zexrdd mizrl 30 .mda 

mih`xt`l etqep zexrd .(11 hl ;11 e ;6 b lynl e`x ;'r"p lv` iyewl jzrc oz' geqipa llk jxca) minbxznd 

.uegp d`xp xacd xy`k wx dxeqnd zexrdl e` IV-II 

,'ligznd xeaic') d"c lk .ixard milind xcql m`zda miàen micrd x`yne minebxzd on gqepd ilcad .41 

:oebk reax xbeqa eize`qxbn lcaene ,(weqt y`xa à èd m` `l`) m oniqa el mcewd d"cn ogaen (lemma 

xzei lecb xtqnl e` xzeie miweqt ipyl zeqgiizd 

31 

.zepny zeiaxr zextqa mipneqn miweqtd ixtqn .ux`d] 

bxegd milin ly svx llek d"c m` ;milin ly xzei ohw xtqnl e` cg` weqtl zeqgiizdl zncew milin ly 

itelig xwira ,elek weqtl rbepd oiipr .(25 ` lynl e`x) miixbeqa oexg`d weqtd xtqn àed ,weqtd zeleabn 

lr III h`xt` lynl e`x) init] :zpneqn zixara hqwh dcbpk oi`y weqtd zligzl ztqez .d"c ila à ,pers 

miteligd m` .(17 bl ;14 ck lynl e`x) fin] :zpneqn ixar hqwh dcbpk oi`y weqtd seql ztqez ;(19 `k ;5 c 

.(9±7 oebk) ihpeelxd miweqtd geeh lkl diptd dàed cg` weqt zeleabn mibxeg 

odizeize`y weqta zeaiz oia oigadl ick e` 'cewip' ilcad oiivl ick wx iwlg cewip zecwepn zeàen .42 

zexevd izy zeàen dfk dxwna .xefgydn xexiaa dler lcaddyk wx eàed (q) ixwe (k) aizk itelig .zedf 

eaygp (y) 'xizi' oeyla zegqepnd ` ly dphw dxeqn zexrd .(15 b lynl e`x) oqkela zecxten odyk d"ca 

.(5 h lynl e`x) h`xtà e` d"ca m`zda epneqe ,'ixw' zxrd ly itelg geqipl 

m` `l`) ' 2 z`' :lynl ,daben xirf qwcpi` xtqna oneqn weqta zg` mrtn xzei dxev dzeà xfegd d"c .43 

eàed `l llk jxca .oigan cewip cwep dpey cewipa xfeg èd m` j` ,(dpeekd d"c dfi`l zeàend xcqn xexa 

xzei e` milin yely oa d"c ly dxwna .(8 a lynl e`x) leak sexiva xaecn m` `l` ,milin izyn xzei d"ca 

lr svxd wqtd oneqn ,zetevx milin ly dpi` dàendyk .(±) geeh ew odipiae dpexg`de dpey`xd dlind epiev 

lr milg dl` millk .(27 ` lynl e`x) odl rbep seligdy milind wx eàed d"cae ,(...) zecewp yely ici 

.mih`xt`d lka meyixd 

lnq swen ,mebxz eze` ly gqepd icrn dnka wx zcrezn dqxbd m` .crd lnq xg`l zeàen ze`qxbd .44 

èd mb èal leki miraydÎmebxz ly zecrd jeza ze`qxb el yiy hqwhdn wlg .(T) oebk ,miixbeqa xewnd 

.(italics) dhep zeà ± zipihlde ,mixn oteba dqtcp zinx` .(2 i lynl e`x) miixbeq jeza 

:(oinil l`nyn) reaw xcq itl mzxevk miàen d"c eze`l miqgiiznd mipey minebxzn mitelig .45 

mè ,(;) wiqtÎdcewpa dfn df ecxted md dqxb dze` lr jxra micirn d"cl mipey mitelig m` 

32 

,] * T [ 

33 

.(|) jpe`n ew mdipia cixtn ,dpey dqxb lr micirn md 

xg`de ,`ln hehiv hhev (miraydÎmebxz aex itÎlr) mdn cg` wx ,ddf zecr micirn minebxz ipyyk 

.46 

.55Ê oldlc mixeviwd zniyx e`x 

.yegl oiè ,mihert md zexg` zexecdnl ef dxecdn oia miweqtd oeniqa milcadd 

ilnqn cg` zncwd .miizextqd diyeaib z` `l j` ,zinebxzd zxeqnd zeclez z` miillk mieewa swyn df xcq 

14 gk ;'millkna' 24 fk lynl e`x) xg`d lr cg`d ly zixyt` drtyd zpiivn ]h lnql (oldl e`x) 'dyelyd' 

eyexitn mitelig .('èaze' 4 ak ;'ayd' 35 `k lynl e`x) ] ixg` riten dyelydn (xzei e`) cg` mizrl .('gynn' 

zixeqa h`xtà mihhevn oeihece`ze qekneq ,qliwr .(16 ak lynl e`x) zexrda mizrl miàen (Hier) qenipexid ly 

.qenipexida dxewn m` zipihlae ,dltqwdÎexiqdn dà zecrd m` 

.edylk dpey ite` zlra ìdy ,zelcap ze`qxb oia dpgadl jpe`nd ewd mda ynyn mih`xt`d xzi ipezpl m`zda 

30 

31 

32 

33 

18


e` (

èan 

miinipt mitelig ,uegpl aygp xacdyk ,eàed ,oeihece`ze qekneq ,qliwr zeaxl ,dl`d minebxzd lkl 

42 

.dnecke (seligÎq) [h ,(seligÎe) *h lnqa mipneqnd 

gtqpa ievnl m`zda mixg` miqexittne 967 qexittn miteliga epkcer miipeeid cidÎiazkn zeiecrd .49 

43 

.xlbiv ly diipyd dxecdnl 

mirhw ly mb enk ,mipeyd micrd igqep ly ziccd drtyd mda zi`xpy mirhw dnk l`wfgi xtqa yi .50 

mebxzd znxa dxvep gqepd icrn cgà zihqipenxd dqxb m` zrcl dyw dl`k mixwna .xtqd seba miliawn 

dnyxp liawnd rhwl diptdd .(mi)liawnd (mi)weqtl diptd sexiva mibven mipezpde ,ixard rvna e` envr 

leniq i/` miwxta .(7 bl lynl e`x) zknpen zeà p ze`d zervnà h`xtà zpievn dlawdde ,rhwd zligza 

xtqa mirhwn ertyed l`wfgil gqepd icr ik driavn zxkip zecr ,ok lr xzi 44 .liawnd wxtl dptn ( p ) df 

e`x) zexrda aex itÎlr epiev el`k zewif .mixac xtqay mirhwn mb dzegt dcinae ,(ek wxt cegiia) `xwie 

.(2 dxrd 26 cl ;2 dxrd 13 dk lynl 

y`xa aex itÎlr ,z`f dkixvdy dcigi lk y`xa .zexrda epiev micrd oia miweqtd xetqna miwc milcad .51 

mewnÎd`xnl diptd dpzip m` .(6 ,3 f lynl e`x) miraydÎmebxza dcigid mewn z` zpiivnd dxrd dpzip ,wxt 

.(c1) 38 e `"ln :oebk ,miixbeqa dpeyd mxtqn oiev ,miraydÎmebxza ea mipey miweqtde miwxtd ixtqny 

ynyn (vid) ''x' eliè 

45 

,zilèhqwh drtezl e` `xwn iaezkl diptda (cf) ''yd' gpend ynyn zexrda .52 

i`xwn aezk zpiivn (e.g.) 'lynl' dlind .ditxbeilaiale (dxecdnd ly mixg` mikxka mb) mih`xt`l diptda 

.minec miaezkl dptn (et al) 'cere' .xefgy e` cewip ly zeiexyt` dnk oian zg` zàdl e` dnbcd myl àend 

riten èd m` j` ,(2 dxrd 14 ci lynl e`x) eilr wx lg èd mewnÎd`xnl mcew zexrda riten mebxzd lnq m` 

''t`' xeviwd lr lg dnec oic .(1 dxrd 19 fi lynl e`x) el mcwy dn lk lr lg èd mewnÎi`xn ly dxey xg`l 

.(3 dxrd 3 ` lynl e`x) zexrda eriteda 

mixaqdd lk .(38Ê lirl e`x) cala milnqle xewnd ztya zeàenl xen`k laben mih`xtà meyixd .53 

o`kn `vei .dxecdnl mivegp eaygpy mipezpd zivnzk cenrd zizgza zexrda mipzip zervdde miilelind 

dàen (b) ,drtez lnq (a) ,itxb lnq (`) :oldl ozip ohexity ,mikxc yelyn zgà myxidl dleki dqxby 

.xewnd ztya 

46 

:miitxbd milnqd dlè (`) 

(` i"kl dèeyda) hqwhl ztqez + 

47 

htyn iwlg oia e` milin oia lekiy ;milin xcqa selig ~ 

xy`k wx mipzip mde ,xzeia mixicp [h e` (zeixltqwd ze`qxb zeaexw mizrl mitwynd) *h mxewny mitelig 

zecr mibivn mebxzl mipey zexewn ik oiivn ea `veike ~h oebk leniq ;(9 hk ;12 d lynl e`x) uegpl xacd aygp 

.mixzeq e` miwteqn mikeiW ¦ oiivn 'dyelyd' ilnqn cg` xg`l dl`y oniq .zxzeq 

ixar rvn swyn èdy zexytàe 'mecwd ipeeid' gqepl crk 967 qexitt ly ezeaiyg zl`ya aigxdl mewnd o`k `l 

.elyn 

D.J. Halperin, ‘The Exegetical Character of Ezek. X 9–17’, VT 26 (1976) 129–141 :eeyd 

dxhnl m`zda .mdly zcwenn dkxrd mitwyn mpi` (9 ck lynl e`x) zenec zertezl e` mixg` miaezkl zeiptd 

zeaiqpde xywdd oebk minilyn mipezpl `xewd ly eal zneyz z` aqdl zecrein el` zeiptd ,zexrdd ly zillkd 

.mieqn selig lr drtyd mdl zrcepy zeilèhqwhd 

.libxd mciwtza miynyn milebr miixbeq 

e`x l`wfgil miraydÎmebxza milekiUa oeicl .d"ca mi`znd mewna ~ oniqd à milin zeveaw oia lekiU ly dxwna 

.(6 dxrd ,lirl) qekxn 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

20


48 

xg` h`xtà dnec seligl diptd t s r 

z`xwl gztzn ;jezn clep e` xfgeyn # $ 

(dxeqnd gqepa xagn mrha) zg` htyn zcigik cgia `xwp , 

(dxeqnd gqepa wiqtn mrha) rand iwlg oia wqtda `xwp v 

49 

('oexb`' drtezl mizrl jenq) zipny dxevn e` yxeyn dxe`kl xefb \ 

gqep cra xqg > < 

(43Ê e`x ;qiqtil`) dàena eàed `ly milin } 

(46Ê e`x) minebxz oia ,deey = 

(46Ê e`x) minebxz oia ,jxra deey + 

50 

mi`zn mebxz ,liawn J 

(50Ê e`x) zexrda hxetnd liawn rhw 

p 

sqep igxkd iepiyl mxeb ; 7 

(zexrda) zcrezn dpi`y zxreyn dxev * 

.56Ê oldl mihxetnd mixeviwle milnql mb eeyd 

51 

:yexit mcbpk èaiy jxev oiè ,xewnd ly wiecn hehiv mewna miàd zertezd ilnq dlè (a) 

dnecke lrit/lw ,lirtd/lw lynl ,lretd oiipal rbepd selig 

dtqed/xeqig llek ,fnex iepika selig 

(miraydÎmebxza xwira) dricid `"da selig 

mitelig) inzq `yep mr mihtyna xwira ,liaqe lirta yeniya mitelig 

52 

(`yende `yepd cnrn lr mb ritydl miieyr dl`k 

53 

ixnbl dpey oteà gqepn mebxzd oezpd rhwa 

zedel`d mya (ztqez e`) selig 

oiipa 

fnx iepik 

recii 

dfzìc 

coniug 

dem 

det 

diath 

diff 

div 

zeptdl lekiy ,I h`xt` èd (zeiwlg zelawd `l` opi` elit`) zeiniptd zeiptdd lkl qiqad .(18Ê) lirl e`x 

oeeika zeiptd oi` .cala IV l` III h`xtè IV e`/e III h`xt` l` zeptdl leki II h`xt` ;IV e`/e III ,II mih`xt`l 

.jetdd 

ek ;1 dxrd 10 ek lynl e`x) zeilir zextqa zixaray zexrda epgaed BDB oelind zhiy itl miitxbened miyxey 

.(4 dxrd 16 

zxreyn ìd mizrl j` ,xg` mewna mb zcrezn rnyn ,'zizn`' ìd dn`zdd aex itÎlr .zexrda ynyn df lnq 

.cala 

mixeviwde ,(34Ê lirl eeyd) 'zertezd gztn' ly xzeia miaeygd mi`yepl xivwz oirn oda yi dixg` dàde ef dniyx 

md m` ,miixard mdiliawn miifreld mixeviwd cvl epzip oldlc zeniyxa .zexrda mb ritedl mileki da mipnpd 

.zixaray zexrda mb miynyn 

`l ;ixard ervna selig lr cirn e` ixard gqepd ly znieqn dpad swyn mebxzd m` rixkdl dyw dl`k mixwna 

C. Rabin, ‘The Ancient Versions and the Indefinite :eeyd .(31Ê lirl e`x) mrnyna mitcxp eid m` mitelig enyxp 

ritene oey`x seba ea dhep lretdy geqip oia selig lr mb dlg 'dfzìc' dxcbdd .Subject’, Textus 2 (1962) 60–76 

qetihn selig swyl ieyr dfk geqipy itÎlr s` ,inzq `yep mr ea riten dlertd lawn `yendy geqip oiae ,`yen mr 

.(14 al lynl e`x) 'oiipa' 

.xaqd ztqeza zexrda llk jxca àen envr hqwhd ;h`xt`d jeza mikex` hqwh irhw zàd mewna à df leniq 

ik did d`xp .(23Ê lirl eeyd) zexrda àed `l ède ,dxeqndÎgqepn ce`n dpey gqep `zhiytl yi gn±n miwxta 

dlyn jxc dl zxxea `zhiytdy meyn ,zixeqd on mikex` mihehiva zexrdd lr ciakdl `la dpeyd geqipd oeiva ic 

.dl` miipkh miwxt micinrny mpina micgeind miiywd oexzta 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

21

èan 

54 

miiepik e` zenya miaxl cigi oia selig iwecwc xtqn num 

lretd zexev lr mb ritynd oezp rhw jxe`l miax/cigia selig 

/num/ 

55 

(/num/ mb e`x) lretd ly xtqnae oina ,seba selig 

seb pers 

seb iepikl sebd oxev oia selig 

pers-pron 

56 

qgi zilina selig qgi zilin prep 

bveind ,('el' oebk) zixara xeag iepik mr qgi z(i)linl xywa selig 

diihpa seb iepik ici lr mebxza 

qetihn mitelig ipeiva giky) micext e` mixeag ,seb iiepika selig 

57 

(dem mb e`x ;pron/nom e` pron/det 

(yeniyd c"nl ly zeira llek) zilina selig 

iepik 

zilin 

prep-pron 

pron 

ptcl 

58 

mebxza ycgn gqepnd hqwh rhw 

reformul 

wx m(in)ebxza eliè r"pa (xzei e`) miinrt àd hpnl`l rbepa selig 

xzeie m(in)ebxza zg` mrt :jtidle ,(r"pan minrt zegt e`) zg` mrt 

r"pa dfn 

xewn/ipepia/ieeiv oebk) diihpa e` 'mipnf'a aexl ,lretd zxeva selig 

(dnecke 

59 

e"ie ly dtqed e` xeqig 

lretd zxev 

semel 

verb 

& 

'lk' ly dtqed e` xeqig 

8 

xirf ritedl miieyr j` ,zexrda xwira miynyn (oldl e`x) 'lretd zxev'e 'xeyiw' ,'zilin' ,'oiipa' mixeviwd 

.dxewne diite` cvn dqxbd zkxrd z` swyn mda yeniyd .h`xt`d seba mb my xirf dt 

mixwn hrnl ,( Ç ) zilebira zepneqn dxrd zewwef opiè onvr jezn zexàznd minebxzd on zeàen .(b) 

.(22 gi eeyd) åóôé ¢ ´ e` êáé´ 

ztqez oebk zeilina mikexkd 

iqetihl m`zda micrd oia milcadd z` oiinl zxyt`n mireaw miilelin milnqa zertez ly meyixd zxby 

.(55Ê eeyd) zexrda mipievn zexfeg zertez ly mitqep miqetih .mixteqd ibdpn e` mebxzd ikxc ,miteligd 

zexrda yiy miipyxt zepexzt .scd zizgzay zexrda miàen h`xtà epnpy ze`qxbl mixeìa 

.54 

.zixyt` dlin lka ok qxeb mebxz lky leniqd zpeek oi` j` ,miweqt xtqn lr rxzydl miieyr df beqn mitelig 

zicbpd drtezde ,minebxza miaxk llk jxca zenbxeznd ,(singulare tantum) icinz cigi zexev èd cgein dxwn 

zxev ly mixg` mixwna oicd èd .num ly mixwnk minyxp mpi` dl`k mixwn ;(plurale tantum) icinz ieaix ly 

oeyla zeaiwra mbxez iveaiw iehia m` .num miaygp mpi` md mbe ,r"pa iveaiw iehia cbpk zeaiwra dàd miax 

.xac myxp `l miax 

ynn yiy dxwna wx h`xtà myxp jkitle ,mebxzd gxekl mixwnd aexa aygp xewn zxevl dhep lret oia selig 

.zixar dqxb swyn èdy dxaqa 

.'l`' ly mebxzl aygp ðñïò ´ eliè ,'lr' ly mebxzl aygp åðé ¢ ´ meyixd ikxevl 

mdy mitelig oia dpgada iyewd llba ,h`xtà meyxl yi mitelig eli` rixkdl cgeina dyw seb iiepika miteliga 

eqtzp seb iiepik ly dxqgd e` dtqed oebk mixfeg miiepiy .zeixyt` zeixar ze`qxb oial mebxzd jxc ly d`vez 

.(3 b lynl e`x) + pron e` (4 fh lynl e`x) > pron :m`zda h`xtà enyxpe drtezk 

ly 'ceair' e` 'aezky'k minieqn mihqwh ly meik geexd oeit`d mr df leniq lalal oi` .zexrda ozip `lnd hqwhd 

dyrnl didy e` ,wc lcad `l` df did `ly s` ,dpey did envr ixard rvndy zexyt` yiy o`k eyexit ;i`xwn xewn 

.dxeqnd gqepl ernyna ddf 

.35Ê lirl e`x 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

22


cbpky miwenip ,zelawd ,mixefgy ± zexrdd h`xtà yiy zekxrdd lk .gqep itelig ly zegpd lelyl micrein 

60 

.zeiaihwiiaeq gxkda od ± 

mipaen dax dcina mde ,okixrdl e` ze`qxbd z` xàl ick zexrda miynynd mixeviwd dlè .55 

61 

:mdil`n 

ixard gqepa dlin mebxza ipelin iedif ly dira lexic 

(jk qxb mbxzndy) xiaq/xyt`/ile` p 

znieqn zibelenih` dpada eceqiy yexit etym 

zexecdna mih`xt`d zeaxl) mih`xt`d cgà xg` mewna xn`pl diptd app 

(edinxie ediryi 

zinx`d it lr dpad aram 

mizrl znxebe) hqwhl dqpkpy ,mbxzn e` jxer ,wizrn ly zxàn dxrd gloss 

62 

('ltk'l 

63 

ditxbehic ditt 

64 

zenecd zngn dhnyd ,oehwxèiened/oehe`lheiened homoio 

65 

ixard xewnd ililvl zencidl dpeeka mebxzd zxiga homophony 

66 

(mi)aexw (mi)hqwhn zeipyxt zetqed zeaxl ,siqen/sqep/ztqez add 

l`wfgi xtql qenipexid ly eyexit Hier 

67 

ditxbeltd hapl 

(dycg zleawz zxivi jez minrtl) aigxn mebxz expans 

dnec drtezl e` sl`n aezkl diptd cf 

harmonization 

(44Ê lirl e`x) mziaxna e` minebxzd lka ày selig Vrs 

oexb` 

ile` 

'nih` 

't` 

zinx` 

dqelb 

ditxbehic 

belic 

dipetened 

dtqed 

qenipexid 

ditxbeltd 

dagxd 

'yd 

dn`zd 

minebxzd 

dl` mixfeg minebxz ;zixaray zexrda ilelin mebxz enbxez zilbpày zexrda zeritend xewnd zetya zeàend 

.zecigi ze`kxn oia miàd ,mixefgyn mlicadl ,mixn oteba eqtcp 

d`xii ,qiqak mieqn xewn gipp m`y epiid ,zipkh dkxrd mirian (hapl) 'ditxbeltd' e` (om) 'xqg' beqn mileniq 

'mevnv' beqn zexrd .edpyn lr mieqn xewn ly zipexwr dtcrd zrad meyn jka oi`y eil`n oaen ;hinynk xg`d 

z` bivdl ìd dxecdnd zxhn .miwizrd minebxzd seba zecbepn zeihp lr zefnex (parall) 'zleawz' e` (condens) 

meyn mle` ,num oneqn 'ei-/e-' seligd lynl jk .exeara miixyt`d mixaqdd lk z` bivdl `weec e`le ,`vnnd 

seligd ;('ihpet') phonÎk mb exicbdl xyt` ,/aw/Îe /o/ mililvd oia cebipd lexhpn raepk mb exiaqdl xyt`y 

ehxet `l zeizeè mixevir oia mivetp mitelig .d`ld oke ,dxehbiln reapl leki èd la` ,('seb') pers oneqn 'm-/ep-' 

e` dtevx daizkn miraepd mitelig minibcn zexrda miritend geex ilehp zeize` itvx .(2 dxrd 23 ck lynl e`x) 

ly zexyt` zepiivn miixbeqa zexfegd zeize` ;(3 dxrd 10 ek lynl e`x) zeaizl zeize`d ly dpey dwelgn 

.(1 dxrd 22 fk lynl e`x) ditxbeltd e` ditxbehic 

dxyl oexkif xtq :eiyxtn i`xa `xwnd ,'`xwnd gqepa miwizrn zetqed ly mixg` mibeqe zeaigz ,zeqelb' ,aeh 'r 

.57±38 (c"pyz ,qpb`n :milyexi ;zti 'y zkixra) oinw 

.'ditxbeltd' eeyd 

.(8 n lynl e`x) hnypy hqwhd dn rixkdl dyw mizrl 

lynl e`x ;E. Tov, ‘Loan-Words, Homophony and Transliterations in the Septuagint’, Biblica 60 (1979) 216–236 

.4 dxrd 3 fn ;1 dxrd 42 bk 

.(14 ck lynl e`x) zexrda myxii sqepd hqwhd cera ,h`xt`d seba ritedl leki df meyix 

.'ditxbehic' eeyd 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

23

èan 

f 

xewne iehp lret ly e` inipt `yene lret ly sexiv ,zleawz zxveid dxfg rep 

dnecke 

zizxewia dxecdn ly h`xtà dqxb var 

iepikl mvr my oia selig nom/pron 

lretl mvr my oia selig nom/verb 

(> lnqa mb zpneqn) dhnyd e` dxqgd om 

syntac reformul 

('ixw' zxrd ly itelg geqip) 'i/e xizi' zxrd y 

ciÎ(i)azk ms(s) 

68 

dlin ly yexita e` mebxza ,dìxwa ,daizka ltk dupl 

dze` ztwynd dqxb e` 'aizk' zxrd k 

xefgy e` oewiz zrvd ly dxenb dlily not 

xefgy e` oewiz zrvda wtq zlhd hardly 

l"fg oeyl lr zqqeand dxifb Rabb Heb 

jynday d"ca dnec diral eeyd seq 

mcewd d"ca dnec diral eeyd prec 

htynd ixn`n oia milind zwelga e` htynd dpan zqitza iepiy struct 

zqtcen dxecdn ed. 

oeyl dzeà ihneici` iehiad idiom 

zxg` dlina 'dptzp'y mewnd ieline dywen e` 'zxzein' dlin ztlgd slot 

zegt ,xzei 'zxeeig' dlina yeniy ;dlin zxigaa dylgd e` dylwd atten 

zitivtq 

69 

milin e` dlin micwn mebxzd pr 

mi`zn mebxzd ,ipevigd myexl cebipa apt 

('oeyl rahn' eeyd) mbxznd ly ipyxtd e` ipeyld ebdpnn xàznd iepiy usus 

70 

leak sexivl e` xfeg iehial dnlydn raepd iepiy formula 

71 

dlind cewipa `haznd iepiy voc 

dxecdn ly miptd gqep xy`k ,(main evid) 'oikeniqd xwir' geqipa xwira evid 

hren ceriz lr qqean zizxewia 

fin 

72 

xg` weqtn ynn dle`y e` dxiyi drtydk àd iepiy ex 

dnecke 'o-/m-' selig oebk ,diibda zencida e` oeinca eceqiy iepiy phon 

jliè 

dxfg 

selig 

iepik/my selig 

lret/my selig 

xqg 

xiagzd xeyii 

xizi 

i"(i)k 

ltk 

aizk 

`l 

xiaq `l 

g"l 

oldl 

lirl 

dpan 

'cdn 

oeyl rahn 

ielin 

oezin 

micwn 

mi`zn 

bdep 

dgqep 

cewip 

oikeniq 

weqtd seq 

t"r 

ihpet 

S. Talmon, ‘Double Readings in the Massoretic Text’, Textus 1 :e`x .(2 dxrd 4 ` lynl e`x) mebxz iltk zeaxl 

(1960) 144-184; idem, ‘Conflate Readings (OT)’, IDBSup, 170-173; idem, ‘The Textual Study of the Bible: A 

.243±241 ,TCHB ,aeh eeyd .New Outlook’, Talmon-Cross, QHBT, 321–400 

.41Ê lirl eeyd ;(init) 'weqtd zligz'l zekinqa mizrl ynyn df xeviw 

.2 dxrd 15 dk ;1 dxrd 7 a lynl e`x 

'cewip'a xaecn eli`k avnd xèz zeigepd ornl wxe ,dlind zìxw ly zepey zeiexyt` hxtln epze` xhet df leniq 

.dlind ly mixevird clya ipeyn licadl ,dpey 

.ernyna xzei illk èdy ,(cf) ''yd'l cebipa 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

24


mebxz ly zilèhqwhd zxeqnd jeza inipt selig inner-]/[... 

(mi)weqt v(v) 

,'zibele`z' oebk zepyxtd megz jeià mizrl ,zepyxta eceqiy iepiy exeg 

73 

'xywdd ceqi lr' e` 'zixiagz' ,'zilkixc`' 

;ernyna el deeyd ,mebxza xzei xvw iehial jex` ixar iehia mevnv condens 

zleawze zexfg mevnv cgeina 

ipelin iyew (llba mbxez `l) lexic diffic 

htyn iwlg e` mihtyn oia xeyiwl rbepd selig connect 

dze` ztwynd dqxb e` 'ixw' zxrd q 

74 

zeaiz iy`xl milin e` dlin xeviw ly jxca daizk zgpdn xazqnd iepiy abbrev 

itxbeilaia hixtl e` h`xt`l diptd vid 

(ipyn) mebxzn xfgeyn retrov 

75 

milin itexiv e` milin oia lekiU transp 

76 

miibele`z miripna eceqiy iepiy theol 

'zixiagz zepyxt' sexiva cgeina ,xiagza meìza e` dlwda eceqiy iepiy synt(act) 

(syntac exeg) 

init 

miixeiv mirhwa cegiia ,r"p ly dpey dpad swyn mebxzd pict 

od ,aexwd xywda liawn ixiagz dpan e` zleawz zrtyda eceqiy iepiy parall 

('ltk' eeyd) mebxzd znxa od xreynd ixard gqepa 

...q/yÎmipt 

'qt 

zepyxt 

mevnv 

ipelin iyew 

xeyiw 

ixw 

z"x 

'x 

xefgy 

lekiU 

ibele`z 

ixiagz 

weqtd zligz 

dpenz 

zleawz 


dcedi xacn zelibn 

oldl) l`wfgi xtq ly ciÎiazkn mirhw :dcedi xacn zelibna zexewn ibeq ipyn enyxp gqepd itelig .56 

zeira aivn dl` zexewn ly izextqd ite`d .(59Ê oldl) mii`xwnÎ`l mixeaiga l`wfgi xtqn mihehive ,(58Ê 

mzexnzyd avn zngne ,jk meyn .mda swzynd l`wfgi xtq gqep lr zecr mdn zelcl ày in ipta zeicegii 

diptd ynyn `l` ,zexrende ze`lnd mdizexecdn mewna à epi` h`xtà meyixd ,mirhwd ly drexbd 

77 

.odil` 

xtq ly miwzer dray mibviin dcvnn cg` ciÎazke o`xnewn ciÎiazk dyiy icixy :zei`xwn zelibn .57 

.(3 an ;13 ,12 n lynl e`x) gn±n miwxta minebxza yiy mihlead miiepiyd on dnk zpiit`n 'zilkixc` zepyxt' 

G. R. Driver, ‘Abbreviations in the Massoretic Text’, Textus 1 (1960) 112-131; idem, ‘Once Again :e`x 

,aeh mb eeyd .Abbreviations’, Textus 4 (1964) 76–94; M. Fishbane, ‘Abbreviations, Hebrew Texts’, IDBSup, 3–4 

.257±256 ,TCHB 

.(11 e ;21 b lynl e`x) mnewn lr exny mdy gipdl yi ,idylk zilin e` xeaig e"ie mb yi m` 

.8 `k lynl e`x 

G. J. Brooke, ‘Ezekiel in Some Qumran and New Testament Texts’, The Madrid :e`x xnegd aexa fkexn oeicl 

Qumran Congress (STDJ 11; ed. J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992) 1.317–337 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

25

èan 

milcadd lk enyxp ok lr 

78 

.oeyle aizk ly zecgeind 'zeip`xnewd' zepekza oiit`zn epi` mdn cg` s` .l`wfgi 

zexexa xteq zeierh elitè ,mipewize zewign zeaxl ,'daev mx` xzk' ly gqepd epiidc ,miptd gqep oiae mpia 

j` ,zeiyxt mipnqn md mzqd ony cidÎiazka migeex Ê leniqa epiev ok enk .(4 fl ;25 el ;21 ` lynl e`x) 

lr myxp xnegd 79 .zilbpà èand seqay gtqpa fkexna ebvedy ,zenezqe zegezt zeiyxt oia dpgad `la 

z` eprvd ,xicdnd zìxw lr mda epwlgy mihrnd mixwna .mihqwhd lk ly zeipkcrd zexecdnd jnq 

:mdizexecdne itxbeìltd mkexìz ,zexewnd ileniq dlè .(45 bk ;51 d ;16 c e`x) miiley zxrda epzìxw 

1QEzek 

('icnl iq`lw azk') xicdnd icia dkxèz `l dlibnd 

D. Barthelemy, ´ ‘9. Ezechiel’, ´ ´ Qumran Cave 1 (DJD 1; ed. D. Barthelemy ´ and J. T. Milik; Oxford: Clarendon, 

1955) 68–69, pl. xii 

80 3QEzek 

(ipìcexd azk) dxitql dpey`xd d`nd ziy`x e` q"dptl dpey`xd d`nd seql dkxèz dlibnd 

M. Baillet, ‘1. Ezechiel’, ´ ´ Les ‘petites grottes’ de Qumran (DJD 3; ed. M. Baillet, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux; 

Oxford: Clarendon, 1962) vol. I: 94; vol. II: pl. xviii 

4QEzek a 

(mecw ipìcexd e` xge`n i`penyg azk) q"dptl dpey`xd d`nd rvn`l dkxèz dlibnd 

J. E. Sanderson, ‘73. 4QEzek a ’, Qumran Cave 4, X: The Prophets (DJD 15; ed. E. Ulrich et al.; Oxford: 

Clarendon, 1997) 209–214, pl. xxxviii 

4QEzek b 

(ipìcexd azk) dxitql dpey`xd d`nd ziy`xl dkxèz dlibnd 

Idem, ‘74. 4QEzek b ’, ibid, 215–218, pl. xxxix 

81 4QEzek c 

(i`penyg azk) q"dptl dpey`xd d`nd rvn` e` ziy`xl dkxèz dlibnd 

Idem, ‘75. 4QEzek c ’, ibid, 219–220, pl. xxxix 

11QEzek 

(ipìcexd azk) dxitql dpey`xd d`nd ziy`x e` q"dptl dpey`xd d`nd seql dkxèz dlibnd 

E. D. Herbert, ‘11QEzekiel’, Qumran Cave 11, II: 11Q2–18, 11Q20–31 (DJD 23; ed. F. Garcıa ´ Martınez ´ et 

al.; Oxford: Clarendon, 1998) 15–28, pl. ii (liv) 

E. Tov, ‘The Orthography and Language of the Hebrew Scrolls Found at Qumran and the Origin of These 

Scrolls’, Textus 13 (1986) 31–57; idem, ‘Further Evidence for the Existence of a Qumran Scribal School’, The 

Dead Sea Scrolls: Fifty Years after Their Discovery (ed. L.H. Schiffman et al.; Jerusalem: IES, 2000) 199–216 

zeiyxtd ly oiennd meyixd eliè ,h`xt`d seba myxp zelibna oxcrid e` zeiyxtd meiw :ediryi jxka ebdp jk 

ediryi xtqn mixyte `xwn zelibn :minecw miixar ciÎiazka "ze`wqt"d zxeqn' ,ixe`n 'i icia cxtpa bved odibeql 

dpgada epwtzqde ,dgfde geeix ly miax mibeq oia oigadl jxev epi`x `l df jxka .p-` (a"nyz) i qehqwh ,'o`xnewn 

E. Tov, ‘The Background of the :e`x dcedi xacn zelibna zeiyxtd zrteza oeicl .'dnezq'l 'dgezt' oia zlaewnd 

Sense Division in the Biblical Texts’, Delimitation Criticism: A New Tool in Biblical Scholarship (Pericope 1; 

ed. M. C. A. Korpel and J. M. Oesch; Assen: Van Gorcum, 2000) 312–350 

.h`xtà meyixl ie`x xac `vnp `l ef dlibna 

.h`xtà meyixl ie`x xac `vnp `l ef dlibna 

78 

79 

80 

81 

26


MasEzek 

(mecw ipìcexd azk) q"dptl dpey`xd d`nd seql dkxèz dlibnd 

S. Talmon, ‘Mas 1043–2220; Mas 1d; Ezekiel 35:11–38:14 (MasEzek, photo 302367)’, Yigael Yadin Excavations 

1963–1965, Final Reports: Hebrew Fragments from Masada (Masada 6; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration 

Society, 1999) 59–75, pl. 8 

od mii`xwnÎ`l mixeaiga zxkip l`wfgi xtq zrtyd :mii`xwnÎ`l mixeaiga miyxetn mihehiv .58 

lynl) illk oteà od (14 ci ,21 e c"aa 49 fh 'gi ;9 k c"aa 3 ci 'gi ,lynl) miitivtq miaezk lr zepryida 

,epeylk hehiv zpigaa dàend oi` dl` oirn mixwna mle` 

82 

.('zayd zler zexiy'e 'dycgd milyexi' mixeaiga 

,recid lkk .(12 b lynl e`x) df beqn zexewnn cala mihren mitelig epcriz jk meyn .df`xtxt oirn `l` 

obivn envr xagndy ,l`wfgi xtqn miweqt iwlge miweqt ly zeàen yng wx mii`xwnÎ`ld mixeaiga e`vnp 

dpi`y ,ziyiy dàen .(oldl e`x 4-3 hl iabl ;11 dn ;15 cn ;23 fl ;8 dk 'gi ;4 h e`x) `xwnd on hehivk 

zeàen .(11 dn e`x) `xwnd on zeihq`xtxt zeàen dnke dnk ea yiy xeaiga dlelk ,hehivk yxetna zbven 

:mdizexecdne mdipniq md dlè ,mixeaig draxà zeà el` 

(CD a , CD b :xidw zfipba elbzpy miipiadÎinin miwzerd ipya) 'wync zixa' 

E. Qimron, ‘The Text of CDC’, The Damascus Document Reconsidered (ed. M. Broshi; Jerusalem: Israel 

Exploration Society, 1992) 9–49, pl. i–xx 

83 

(4Q174, 4Q177) 'minid zixg` lr yxcn' 

A. Steudel, Der Midrash zur Eschatologie aus der Qumrangemeinde (4QMidrEschat a,b ): Materielle 

Rekonstruktion, Textbestand und traditionsgeschichtliche Einordung des durch 4Q174 (‘Florilegium’) und 

4Q177 (‘Catena’) reprasentierten ¨ Werkes aus den Qumranfunden (STDJ 13; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994) 23–29, 

71–76, pl. A, C 

84 

(4Q285) 'dnglnd xtq' 

P. Alexander and G. Vermes, ‘285. 4QSefer ha-Milhamah’, Qumran Cave 4, XXVI: Cryptic Texts and Miscel- 

. 

lanea, Part 1 (DJD 36; ed. P. Alexander et al.; Oxford: Clarendon, 2000) 228–246, pl. xii–xiii 

(4QOrd a , 4QOrd b ) 'zepwz' 

L. H. Schiffman, ‘Ordinances and Rules (4Q159 = 4QOrd a , 4Q513 = 4QOrd b )’, Rule of the Community and 

Related Documents (PTS 1; ed. J. H. Charlesworth; Tubingen: ¨ J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]; Louisville: Westminster 

John Knox Press, 1994) 145–175 

epzxecdna eàed od cgeind oiite` llbae ,oiiprde oepbqd ,oeyld cvn mda evaeyy mixeaigl zen`zen zeàend 

e` oaex m` wtqd zngn ,gqep zecrk okxr zkxrda daexn zexidf hewpi m` zeyrl aihii oiirnd .ozenlya 

D. Dimant, ‘The Apocalyptic Interpretation of Ezekiel at Qumran’, Messiah and Christos: Studies in the Jewish 

Origins of Christianity Presented to David Flusser (ed. I. Gruenwald, S. Shaked, and G.G. Stroumsa; Tubingen: ¨ 

J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1992) 31–51 

J.M. Allegro, ‘174. Florilegium’, ‘177. Catena :mipey mixeaig ipya xaecn ik xaq dl` mihqwh ly oey`xd xicdnd 

zrcl la` .(A)’, Qumran Cave 4, I: 4Q158–4Q186 (DJD 5; Oxford: Clarendon, 1968) 53–57, pl. xix–xx 

mihqwh okl .eppiiprn dpi` xaca drxkd .xeaig eze` ly miwzer ipya mxewn ,epze` dyniy dzxecdny ,lciehy 

.zenya `le DJD zxcqa mdixtqna epneq dl` 

hehivd on mle` .( 4Q285 4:3) ']aezk Ç d[id xy`k' hehivd zgqep dze` dnicwn .4-3 hl z` d`xpk dllk dàend 

miptd gqep znerl selig oda oi`y xg`n .(4Q285 4:4) 'l`xy]i Ç ixd ˙ lr[' :4 'qtn milin yely iwlg wx exzep envr 

.h`xtà xac myxp `l 

82 

83 

84 

27

èan 

zngn mè oeekna m`) mixeaigd ilra epiyy miiepiy `le l`wfgi xtq gqep ly zenecw ze`qxb zebviin ok` olek 

.(miwizrn zxby` 

on l`wfgi xtq ly mirhw eazkey eay ,l`wfgi ìapl qgeind xeaig ly miwzer dying elbzp o`xnewa .59 

gqepl cr epi` df xeaig .xagnd icin miiepiye zetqez ly aeliy ick jez ,(fl ,l ,i/` miwxtd on xwira) `xwnd 

epnyx I h`xt`l zexrdae II h`xtà .dxeqnd gqepn eizeihq lk z` meyxl dwcvd oi` okle ,l`wfgi xtq ly 

4QpsEzek a (=4Q385), 4QpsEzek b (=4Q386), :xeaigd ly miwzer dyely jezn ehwlpy micg` gqep ilcad 

i ;10 ` lynl e`x) minec mitelig mitwyn l`wfgi xtq ly miwizr micr m` xwira ,4QpsEzek c (=4Q385b) 

85 

.(14 

l"fg zextqa `xwnd on zeàen 

ieyrd xzeia aeygd xewnd ìd miwizrd minebxzd cvl .`xwna daxd zynzyn ziq`lwd l"fg zextq .60 

migzet `xwnd on miaezk lr l"fg iyxcn .dxitql zepey`xd ze`na minkgd icia didy `xwnd gqep z` swyl 

`xwnd zeàen ly gqepd .dxeqnd ilra icia ezxiqnl zncewd dtewza jlidy `xwnd gqep zxkdl gzt 

,aezkd ly zxg` dìxw mda ztwzyn mizrl ;epciay dxeqnd gqepl leka ddf epi` mdibeql miyxcna 

àd ipta miax miiyw dcinrn l"fg zextqy ,`wr `c 

86 

.laewnd gqepd on lcapd mixevir gqep mb minrtle 

,dzxivi ikxca :ef zextq icaex lka mipnzqn el` miiyw .minkgd ipta didy `xwnd gqep z` dpnn zevnl 

.miipiadÎinia cidÎiazka dzwzrdae dtÎlra dzxiqna ,zizextqd dzkixra 

dzxivi onfl zeax mipy ze`na mixge`nd miipiadÎinin ciÎiazka epcia z`vnp dlek l"fg zextq .61 

mixteqd ly weicd znx .mday miweqtd gqep df llkae ,cinz xeegn epi` cidÎiazka mixeaigd gqep .dzkixre 

llka ze`xwn ihehive ,`xwnd ixtq zwzrda zlaewnd efl llk dnec dpi` l"fg zextq ly ciÎiazk zwzrda 

zeyaeyn opi`y zeàena mb .cidÎiazkay `xwnd gqepa mb daxd erbt dwzrda eltpy zebeyne zeierh .df 

wgyp `xwnd on zeàend gqep .dlà `veik lke o/f ,e/i ,x/c ,k/a :zenec zeize` oia oigadl xyt` cinz `l 

iy`xa e` mixeviwa mzaizk dgeex lek ita mixeby eid miweqtdy oeeikn :daizkd ilbxd lya mb cidÎiazka 

.`ln aizka mze` eazke ,ellka icenlzd xnega ebdpy myk `xwn iweqta ebdp mixteqd ,aizkl xyà .zeaiz 

cg` svxa mihhevn mizrl .yexite yxc myl 'iyxcn hehiv' oiae zwiecn dàen oia oigadl xyt` cinz `l 

D. Dimant, ‘4QPseudo-Ezekiel a-d ’, Qumran Cave 4, XXI: :df xeaig ly miwzer drax` dnqxt hpnic 'c 

:iying wzern micixy mqxt zinq 'n .Parabiblical Texts, Part 4 (DJD 30; Oxford: Clarendon, 2001) 7–88, pl. i–iii 

M. Smith, ‘391. 4QpapPseudo-Ezekiel e ’, Qumran Cave 4, XIV: Parabiblical Texts, Part 2 (DJD 19; ed. M. 

Broshi et al.; Oxford: Clarendon, 1995) 153–193, pl. xvii–xxv 

xbii` àiwr 'x zedbdae ,'aizk mxiarn' d"c ,a"r dp zayl zetqez lynl e`x ,mipencw ecnr xak ef drtez lr 

zkixra) onbilf dix` wgvi xtq ,'`xwna gqep iteliga l"fg ly mletih jxc lr' ,lhpfex 'c e`x oke ;my q"yd oeiliba 

gqep iteligl zecrk l"fg iyxcn' ,ixe`n 'i ;417±395 'nr ,a ,(b"nyz ,oihypiaex '` :milyexi ;`tex 'è uiaewf 'i 

;b ,zepyxte `xwn ipeir) oiihyhebÎoyeb dynl oexkif xtq ,'`xwnd lrtn zxecdna eneyiie xwgnd zeclez :`xwna 

gqep itelig ly zeixwird zeniyxd .286-267 (b"pyz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` :obÎznx ;mixgè xy`Îxa 'n zkixra 

V. ;(b"nxz ,m`x ¨ mig`de dpnl`d :`plie) mixteq zgtyn ,cltpfex 'y icia ekxrp cenlzd zextqa `xwnd 

Aptowitzer, Das Schriftwort in der rabbinischen Literatur (2 vols.; Wien 1906–1915; repr. New York: Ktav, 

uaew :` cenlz ixwgn ,'mixace xacna ixtql 32 inex ciÎazka swzynd `xwnd gqep' ,`pdk 'n e`x oke .1970) 

,d`p 'ye ldepw 'i ;10±1 (o"yz ,qpb`n :milyexi ;lhpfex 'ce onqef 'i zkixra) milaeb minegzae cenlza mixwgn 

xtq :eiyxtn i`xa `xwnd ,'i`xwn sexiv ly zepyxte gqep ileblb - "eilr ez`nhe" :(`) mipdek zxeza zeiyxt' 

.612±601 (c"pyz ,qpb`n :milyexi ;zti 'y zkixra) oinw dxyl oexkif 

85 

86 

28


,mieqn iyxcn oeirxl mly iehia zzl ick mipey miweqt ixay cgi exaeg mizrle ,dyxcl mikxvpd weqt iwlg 

mixteqdy xg`n ,l"fg zextq ly cidÎiazkn enlrp `xwnd gqep iteligl zeiecr ,xg` cvn .mireci mixacde 

87 

.dxeqnd gqepl mni`zdl ebdpe zeierhk miteligd z` eyxit micnelde 

gqepd lr ziynn zecr .`xwnd ly ixewn gqep lr cirn epi` dyxca aezk ly hehivd mvr ,jkitl .62 

mda ze`xl xzene ,cala d"ca miàen mpiè ,jk lr micnln yexitde dyxcdy mixwna wx èvnl xyt` 

mipey zeevwa mirx df seligl yiy lkk zwfgzn ze`xwnd ihehivay zecrd 

88 

.(herm) 'zeihiepnxd ze`qxb' 

l`' qetihn zeyxc s` .dxeqnd zexrdae miwizrd minebxza micd e` ,dfa df miielz mpi`y l"fg zextq ly 

zeiecra owfgl xyt` m` cgeina ,dpey gqep lr minrtl cirdl zeleki (ketib) 'aizk' e` (al tiqre) 'ixwz 

89 

.zetqep 

`negpz iyxcnne ziq`lwd yxcnd zextqn ,mi`xen`de mi`pzd zextqn mitelig milelk h`xtà .63 

mihrn wx .mi`pzd zextqa xwira mifkexn ynn ly jxr mdl qgiil xyt`y mitelig ik xxazd .mdibeql 

.mpi`y hrnk (einece `negpz) mixge`nd miyxcna eliè ,mi`xen`d zextqa miievn (mixeaigd swidl qgia) 

ipyn yeniy ly zeclez llk jxca md mday miyxcndy ,xzei mixge`n zexewn llk ewcap `l jk meyn 

xyt`n epi` maihy ,zelkidd zextqa miaezkd ixekf` z` epllk `l ok enk .minecwd miyxcna izxivie 

.mceqiay `xwnd gqep xg` zewgzdl 

gqepy zexecdn hrnl) zeievnd zeircnd zexecdnae ciÎiazka cinz wcap `xwnd on zeàend gqep .64 

xwgn ilrtna e` mixweg iciay hxetn xnega epxfrp micg` mixeaig iabl .(dxeqnd gqepl oda m`zed miweqtd 

dincw`d ly ixehqidd oelind ikxvl epwzedy cidÎiazka epynzyd mixg` mixeaig iabl .(oldl hexit e`x) 

.oldl hxetnk epzeyxl ecnry mitqep zexewnae 

90 

,'mixb`n' xehilwza enqxtzde zixard oeyll 

mday cidÎiazk z` ephxit `l llk jxcae ,`xwnd on zeàena gqep itelig ly illk meyixa epwtzqd .65 

meyix ;mss oneqn ciÎiazk dnka àd selig ;ms oneqn mieqn xeaig ly cala cg` ciÎazka selig :e`vnp 

zexewn ehxet oldly dniyxa .ewcapy cidÎiazk lka crezn seligdy cnln elld mipniqd cgà deeln epi`y 

enyed h`xtà enyxpy zexecdnl zeiptda .zeiptdd enyxp odit lry zexecdnde ,epzeyxl ecnry mixeaigd 

.da gztp hehivdy dxeyd xtqne cenrd miixbeqa 

:zexrdae h`xtà eàed mkezn miteligy zexewnd dlè 

.66 

(zkqnd my sexiva m.) dpyn 

zxecdna) 1883 'bcixanw ,(138 iqex dc) dnxt ,(A50 onte`w) hytcea :miixwird cidÎiazka ewcap miteligd 

:aia`Îlz ,wilìa cqen :milyexi) wal` 'g zxecdn itl zeiptdd .L ,P ,K :dn`zda dxecdna mdipeiv .(Lowe 

.(h"iyz ,xiac 

jxck ,ok weqtd oiè' :dxeqndÎgqepak `ly cenlza hhevy 5 ci a"dca aezkd gqep lr i`d ax zaeyz lynl e`x 

xve` ,oiel n"a) '`xwna oiìwa eid `ly ,mixtkay i`qxb oze` ly oky lke ,i`viaxzc ithiya oiievny daxd zeirh 

.(7 [b"vxz ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d :milyexi ;d jxk] dlibn ,mipe`bd 

gqepa ik dler (cere a"r fi ziprz ;a"r `r `nei) ilaad cenlza da yxcp weqtdy jxcd on ± 'iycwn' 9 cl oebk 

.'iycwn' xg`l 'ipzxyl' dlind dà dyxcd ilra ipta cnry 

S. Talmon, ‘Aspects of the Textual Transmission of the Bible in the Light of Qumran Manuscripts’, Textus 4 

.210±166 (2001 ,cge`nd ueaiwd :aia`Îlz) zxeqne dxiqn lr ,xetiv 'n ;(1964) 95–132 

.(`"qyz,zixard oeyll dincw`d :milyexi) dwizr zextql xecnd ± zixard oeyll ixehqidd oelind lrtn :mixb`n 

.zexewnd xecna eteb xehilwza ozip cidÎiazk hexit 

87 

88 

89 

90 

29

èan 

(zkqnd my sexiva t.) `ztqez 

eip ;mikxk dying) oiwifp zkqnl oke ,miype cren ,mirxf mixcql onxail 'y zxecdn itl enyxp zeiptde mitelig 

.(g"nyz-e"hyz ,dwixnày mipaxl yxcnd zia :wxei 

(MekiltaRS) ˇ i"ayxc `zlikn 

:milyexi) cnln v"re oiihyt` p"i zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk ¯ itl enyxp miteligd 

.(e"hyz ,mincxp iviwn 

(SifreNum) xacna ixtq 

,wet ahqeb :bivtiil) uieexed y"g zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;`pdk 'n iciay cidÎiazk zewzrda ewcap miteligd 

.(f"rxz 

(SifreDeut) mixac ixtq 

oiihylwpit `"` zxecdn itl zeiptdde mitqep mitelig ;'mixb`n'a owzend 32 owihe i"k itl enyxp miteligd 

.(y"z ,dipnxba zicedid zizeaxzd dceb`d :oilxa) 

(zkqnd my sexiva y.) inlyexi cenlz 

zxecdn itle ,b"tx divpe qetc itl zeiptdd ;('mixb`n'a zexewn xecna mipievnd) cidÎiazk lka ewcap miteligd 

.(`"qyz ,zixard oeyll dincw`d :milyexi) ixehqidd oelind 

(zkqnd my sexiva b.) ilaa cenlz 

;milyexi ,bevxd axd ci ± mlyd il`xyid cenlzd oekna dxecdnd jxevl cgeina enyxp cidÎiazk lkn miteligd 

.`plie qetc itl zeiptdd 

(AbotRN) ozp iaxc zea` 

,xrk`nltt`pw ikcxn :`piee) xrhkry f"y zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;xhqiw 'n iciÎlr cidÎiazk ¯ lka ewcap miteligd 

.(f"nxz 

(S.‘OlamR) dax mler xcq 

C. Milikowsky, Seder Olam: A Rabbinic Chronography : iwqaewilin 'g zxecdn itl enyxp zeiptde mitelig 

(PhD diss.; Yale University, 1981) 

(GenR) dax ziy`xa 

itl dfipbd irhwa mitelig ;(d"kyz 2 ,onxdè :milyexi) wal` 'ge xeceìz 'i zxecdn itl enyxp zeiptde mitelig 

.(a"nyz ,mircnl zil`xyid zine`ld dincw`d :milyexi) dfipbd on dax ziy`xa irhw ,seleweq 'n zxecdn 

(ExodR) dax zeny 

Îlze milyexi) o`py '` zxecdn itl ci±` zeyxtl zeiptdd ;'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl enyxp miteligd 

.`plie qetc itl ap±eh zeyxtl ;(c"nyz ,xiac :aia` 

(LevR) dax `xwie 

.(a"lyz 2 ,onxdè :milyexi) zeilbxn 'n zxecdn itl enyxp zeiptde mitelig 

(DeutR Liebermann) onxail zxecdn ,dax mixac 

.(c"lyz 3 ,onxdè :milyexi) onxail 'y zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl enyxp miteligd 

(CantR) dax mixiyd xiy 

.`plie qetc itl zeiptdd ;ixcw 'z iciÎlr cidÎiazk lka ewcap miteligd 

(RuthR) dax zex 

dhiqxaipe`d :milyexi ;xehwec zcear) dax zex yxcne zex zcb` ,xpxl a"n zxecdn itl enyxp zeiptde mitelig 

.(`"lyz ,zixard 

(LamR) dax dki` 

.`plie qetc itl zeiptdd ;lcpn 't epzeyxl cinrdy minelvz itl ewcap cidÎiazk lk 

30


(LamR Buber) xaea zxecdn ,dax dki` 

dpnl`d :`plie) xraà 'y zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;lcpn 't epzeyxl cinrdy minelvz itl ewcap cidÎiazk lk 

.(h"pxz ,m`x ¨ mig`de 

(PesiqtaRK) `pdk axc `zwiqt 

.(a"kyz ,dwixnày mipaxl yxcnd zia :wxeiÎeip) miealcpn 'c zxecdn itl enyxp zeiptde mitelig 

Tanhuma) `negpz yxcn 

(dyxtd my sexiva . 

,leky` :milyexi) zelaewnd zexecdnd zg` itl zeiptdd ;'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl enyxp miteligd 

.(a"lyz 

(dyxtd my sexiva Tanhuma . Buber) xaea zxecdn ,`negpz yxcn 

,m`x ¨ mig`de dpnl`d :`plie) xraà 'y zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl enyxp miteligd 

.(d"nxz 

(PesiqtaR) izax `zwiqt 

,zinvr d`ved :`piee) melyÎyi` 'n zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl enyxp miteligd 

.(m"xz 

( MidrasSam) ˇ lèny yxcn 

,xryit sqei :`w`xw) xraà 'y zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;l"f uiytil 'z ly dpeafray qiqtepiqd itl enyxp miteligd 

.(b"pxz 

( MidrasPs) ˇ mildz yxcn 

,m`x ¨ mig`de dpnl`d :`plie) xraà 'y zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl enyxp miteligd 

.(`"pxz 

(PirqeRE) xfril` iaxc iwxt 

(e"yz) h ;119-82 (c"yz) g axeg ,xrbid 'n zxecdn itl zeiptdd ;lhiixh '` iciÎlr cidÎiazk lka ewcap miteligd 

.293-185 (g"yz) i ;166-94 

:h`xtà meyixl miie`xd mitelig mda e`vnp `l j` ,ewcapy mitqep zexewn dlè 

.67 

l`rnyi iaxc `zlikn 

.qìl` 'l epzeyxl dcinrdy minelvzd itl ewcap cidÎiazk lk 

`xtq 

.cidÎiazk lk ewcap 

mixacl `hef ixtq 

.(b"qyz ,qpb`n :milyexi) `pdk 'n zxecdna wcap 

ziprz zlibn 

zcear) zizxewia dxecdn sexiva ,mdizexewne mpnf ,maih :oeilekqde ziprz zlibn ,mrep 'e zxecdna dwcap 

.(f"pyz ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d :milyexi ;xehwec 

zephw zezkqn 

.(f"vxz-u"xz ,opax iac :wxeiÎeip) xrbid 'n zxecdna ewcap 

xacnal `hef ixtq 

.'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl wcap 

okynd zk`lnc `ziixa 

.'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl dwcap 

31

èan 

dax mixac 


dax zldw 


`hef mixiyd xiy 


`hef zldw 


`hef zex 


`hefe àx edil` xcq 

.'mixb`n'a mipwzend cidÎiazk itl ewcap 

micreznd mitelig wxe j` epnyx .xnegd ly eite`n mixfbp h`xt`d zpkda drxkdd illke dceard ikxc .68 

ef zeielz opi`y zeiecrd xtqne cidÎiazk ly maihe mlwyn zkxrd jez ,l"fg zextq ly cidÎiazka ahid 

seligd (`) :zegtl miàd mi`pzd on cgà micnerd mitelig wx `l` ,h`xtà mlek ellkp `l dl` mb .efa 

mih`xtà dkinz seligl yi (b) ;I h`xtà dkinz seligl yi (a) ;(al tiqre e` herm) dyxcd okezn dler 

(d) ;efa ef oixyina zeielz opi`y zeyxca ,l"fg zextq ly mipey mixeaiga crezn seligd (c) ;cgi mb IV-III 

:oebk) seligd zencw lr dcirn dxeqndy (e) ;yxetnd dpiipr èd oecpd weqtd gqepy dyxca crezn seligd 

.('oixiaq' ,'dti' 

x/c ,k/a oebk zenec zeize` itelig :mixteqd ly daizkd zxbya mceqiy mitelig h`xtà ellkp `l .69 

zrtyda mitelig ;xqge `ln aizk ly mitelig ;eztqed e` xeaigd e"ie oexqg ;'lr/l`' itelig ;dlà `veike 

zeax zeiecra micreznd mitelig epàd mixicp mixwna .dlà `veike ,(dnecke dlin seqa 'o/-m-') l"fg oeyl 

mitelig iabl oiipr mda yi j` ,h`xtà ellkp `ly mitelig 

91 

.elld mi`pzd lr miper mpi`yk elit` cgeina 

92 

.mih`xt` mze`l zexrda eàed ,mixg` mih`xtà miàend 

:II h`xtà mihewpd mixeviwde milnqd dlè 

.70 

xqg 

dwqt oiivnd geex 

xeaigd ly cidÎiazkn wlga wx z(e)crezn mixbeqay (zei)ze`d 

dpewld lcebl m`zda e` dliawn jnq lr xfgeyn hqwh 

dpewld lceb jnq lr xfgeyn xqgd 

mixexa micixy dpnn exzepy ze` 

cala miyelw micixy dpnn exzepy ze` 

wgn xteqdy hqwh 

(cala zrlaen dxeva mizrl) dyxcd on dlerd selig 

'ixwz l`' zyxcn dlerd selig 

> 

Ê 

ba(`) 

[ba`] 

[>] 

`˙ 

`Ç 

ba` 

herm 

al tiqre 

.'dpzè' ìd l"fg zextqa zgeexd dqxbd ± 'ozè' 31 cl oebk 

.edinxie ediryi ikxka dhwppy efn xzei dxingn l"fg zextqn gqep itelig meyixa df jxka da ephwpy dhiyd 

df jxka mvnevn jk meyn .gqep selig zetwyn ody ddeab zexiaq oi`y zeiecra h`xt`d z` yecbl `ly eplczyd 

.mincewd mikxka elcebl qgia l"fg zextqn mitelig ly h`xt`d 

91 

92 

32

dfipb irhwe miipiadÎinin ciÎiazk :III h`xt` .d 

'aizk' zyxcn dlerd selig 

il"fg xeaig ly ciÎ(i)azka `vnp seligd 

dxeyl lrn aezkd hqwh 

ketib 

ms(s) 

super 


zexewnd 

zibelepexk dpigan mikiiy ,o`kn dfipb irhwe o`kn minly ciÎiazk ,III h`xtà micreznd zexewnd .71 

micrd mle` .(11Ê e`x) 'dxeqnd qetih' ly epehly ztewz epiidc ,`xwnd gqep zecleza iyilyd alyl 

Îiazk ly micixy md o`k milelkd dfipbd irhw .'laewnd gqep'l `ln oteà mitteg mpi` dxecdna micreznd 

itpr ipy z` mibviin md .zipxahd dxeqnd dyabzpy iptl ,dxitql oey`xd sl`d idlya gxfna eazkpy ci 

minlyd miiniipiad cidÎiazka gqepd ilcad ,z`f znerl .ilaade il`xyiÎux`d :xzei minecwd dxeqnd 

xaky xg`l ,dxyrÎyngd cr dxyrÎmizyd ze`na dtexià eazkp md .dxiqnd zecleza xge`n aly mitwyn 

.dxeqnd ilra ly mzelirt dniizqd 

ly sqeà xara enyxpy cidÎiazk dying zllek h`xtà zcreznd zixwird zexewnd zveaw .72 

zexyt` yie ,miipiad inin mixg` ciÎiazka el dnec oi`y ,mday gqepd ilcad rty llba exgap md 

93 

.hewipw 

rawy mixtqna milneqnd ,cidÎiazk zyng dlè 

94 

.'zeizxeqnÎueg' ze`qxb mb minrtl exnzyp df rtyay 

95 

:mdihxte ,hewipw mdl 

96 

b"id d`nd ,ztxv ,j"p ,(173 xp`h) 105 ilcea ,cxetqwe` 

97 

e"h-c"id ze`nd ,cxtq ,mly `xwn ,Mm.5.27 ,'bcixanw ly dhiqxaipe`d ziixtq 

98 

a"id d`nd ,raexn ifpky` azk ,miìap ,404/625 qei`we lieepeb 'blew ,'bcixanw 

30 

89 

93 

.B. Kennicott, Vetus Testamentum Hebraicum cum Variis Lectionibus (2 vols.; Oxford: Clarendon, 1776–1780) 

.cewip ilcadn mlrzde zeize`d zizyza mitelig wx criz hewipw 

Îiazka hqwhd ly zixevird ezencl ceqi ieew' ,odk 'n ly eixwgn oke (8 dxrd ,lirl) oiihyhebÎoyeb ly exn`n e`x 

;oiihyhebÎoyeb 'ne oeniq '` zkixra ;` ,zepyxte `xwn ipeir) bieeh dix`l oexkif zegpn ,'miipiadÎinin mii`xwn ci 

ly dxiqnd zecleza ezfig` swid dne "dxeqnd gqep" edn' ;182±123 ,(m"yz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` :obÎznx 

,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` :obÎznx ;oeniq '` zkixra ;a ,zepyxte `xwn ipeir) xevil` dcedil zecici zegpn ,'?a"dni 

Îinia `xwn ly ciÎiazka ozvetz xeriye "zizxeqnÎueg" zipxah dnrhd ly zehiyÎzz' ;256±229 ,(e"nyz 

.206±188 ,(f"nyz) `p eppeyl ,'miipiad 

ineliv jnq lr dkxrp dzwica .dl` mihxt epl dxqny zixard ditxbeìltd lrtnn lbp` dpcr x''cl dpezp epzcez 

.oldl mihxetnd mipezpd on wlg biiql mewn yi ok lre ,mnvr cidÎiazk lr `le zelcbde mlitexwin 

A. Neubauer and A. E. Cowley, Catalogue of Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library (Oxford: Clarendon, 

1886) 1.12, §72; M. Beit-Arie ´ and R. E. May, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library 

(Oxford: Clarendon, 1994) 10, §72 

S. C. Reif, Hebrew Manuscripts at Cambridge University Library: A Description and Introduction (Cambridge: 

oetelewd j` ,856 zpya lekiak ewizrdy ,ield awri xteql qgei cidÎazk .Cambridge University Press, 1997) 54 

.wtq `ll siefn 

M. R. James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Gonville and Caius College 

zipihla etqep miwxtd ixtqne mixtqd zeny .(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1908) 471, §404/625 

.xzei xge`n xteq icia 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

33

èan 

99 

c"id d`nd ,ztxv ,miìap ,A2 oe'b hpq 'blew ,'bcixanw 

100 

e"hd d`nd ziy`x e` c"id d`nd seq ,raexn ifpky` azk ,inx` mebxz mr mly `xwn ,1 oilxa 

96 

150 

diipnl zibelelit dwcvd oi`y oeeikn .dfipb irhw zllek h`xtà zcreznd ztqep zexewn zveaw .73 

zepey zetewzn zexiqne zexeqn ly ax axr mitwynd ,llka dfipbd irhwa yiy miteligd lk ly zinzq 

,zipxahd zxeqnl qgia zenecw zexeqn mitwynd dfipbd irhwn mitelig wx enyxp ,mipey zenewnne 

101 

:zenvnevn zeveaw izyl mikiizyne 

102 

:(oinil l`nyn) miàd mileniqa elneqy ,il`xyiÎux` cewipa mirhw (`) 

il`xyiÎux` cewipa dfipb rhw 

leex oniqy itk ,cidÎazk 

G-P 

(jliè) 200 

103 

:ilaa cewipa mirhw (a) 

ilaa cewipa dfipb rhw 

(ipxahÎilaa akxen cewip :e`) heyt ilaa cewip 

miìapd ixtqn rhw 

oiaii oniqy itk ,cidÎazk 

104 

xter oniqy itk ,dxeqn zeniyx 

G-B 

(K :e`) E 

b 

(jliè) 1 

(jliè) Msr 1 

iteligl epiidc ,dtewzd i pa dpyn ¤ icrl mb oiirnd al zneyz z` aqdl oey`x oeiqip dyrp epzxecdna .74 

:gqep ilcad ly zeveaw izy oia oigadl yi dl` mixeaiga .miipiadÎinin `xwnl miyexita mitwzynd gqep 

yexitd ceqia zegpend ze`qxbe ,cg` cvn eteb yexita e` ligznd xeaica mihhevnd miaezkd gqepa miiepiy 

qgiil yi ynn ly jxr mle` ,miyexitd z` miyceb oey`xd beqd on milcad .ipy cvn (rlaena e` yxetna) 

didy `xwnd ly cidÎazka eid i`ceel aexwy gqep iiepiy wx èt` ecrez h`xtà .ipyd beqd on ze`qxbl wx 

zeiptdd .h`xtà ecrezy miipey`xd zexewnd on xewna erited xak dl` mitelig m` wxe ,oyxtd ipta gpen 

,i"yx ly mdiyexitn ze`qxb xgan myxp df alya 105 .h`xt`d seba `le zexrda enyxp `xwnd ipyxtl 

M. R. James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of St John’s College Cambridge 

milin ea yie ,xicq oteà `l j` ,mrhene cwepn cidÎazk .(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913) 2, §2 

.micwepn mpi`y minly miweqt sè 

M. Steinschneider, Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Koniglichen ¨ Bibliothek zu Berlin, II: Verzeichnis der 

Hebraischen ¨ Handschriften (Berlin: Buchdruckerei der Koniglichen ¨ Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1878) 1, 

.dxyrÎyyd e` dxyrÎyngd d`ndn hedx ifpky` azka zedbd miileya enyxp cidÎazka .§1 

swyn eppi` 'mbxezn'd cewipd .miipxahd mdiliawna miil`xyiÎux`de miilaad cewipd ipniq exned ,oiirnd zegepl 

laewnk ,'l`' ¤ h`xtà dbved [ il] 'l`' ˙ qgidÎzln lynl jk .cala miibeletxend `l` ,miibelepetd miteligd z` dpn`p 

.ipxahd cewipa 

E. J. Revell, Biblical Texts with Palestinian Pointing and Their Accents : e`x mgezipe mxeìz ,mirhwd seqi`l 

(Missoula: Scholars Press, 1977) 

:milyexi) d-` ,zilaa dxeqnae cewipa `xwnd ly dfipbd irhw sqe` ,oiaii 'i e`x mgezipe mxeìz ,mirhwd seqi`l 

.(d''nyz ,zixard oeyll dincw`d :milyexi) a-` ,ilaad cewipa ztwzynd oeyld zxeqn ,l''pd ;(b''lyz ,xewn 

.(`"qyz ,zixard oeyll dincw`d :milyexi) dikxce dizepexwr :dxezl zilaad dxeqnd ,xter 'i 

seba dìadl epleki `ly selig ly zipiipr e` zipeyl dxdad aex itÎlr opiipr III h`xt` ly zehrnd zexrdd x`y 

zitxbeilaia diptdk egqep zexrdde ,ilaa cewipay dfipbd irhwa mixeyw dxrd ekixvdy mixwnd ziaxn ;h`xt`d 

.oiaii ly dvnnd ewecwcl 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

34


xiiwqetn oerny oa mgpne (c"ix) ip`xhn diryi ,(ivpbla) ivpblan xfril` ,(w"ix) `xw sqei ,w"cx 

106 

;(y"anx) 

107 

.(b"aix) g`p'b oa` dpeil 'dnwxd xtq'a mitwzynd mixetq mitelig enyxp ok enk 

ibdpn zaegl gqepd ilcad z` sewfl yi cinz hrnk ik dler miipiadÎinin ciÎiazka miteligd zwican .75 

mkxr ,xac ly exwira .miwizrn zxby` zngn mè ,miiaihìveq` e` miywid ,miipeyl minrhn m` ,mixteq 

d`nd ziy`x f`n ewcapy cidÎiazk ze`n llkn mibxegd zexewn yi ,z`f zexnl 

108 

.iqt` dl` mitelig ly 

driaw .xzei zenecw zetewzn micra ievnl zeaexw ozeida dpey oiite`y ze`qxb mb millek mdy meyn ,g"id 

zenka od 'laewnd gqepd' on dax dcina miheqd ,ef dxecdn jxevl exgapy cidÎiazk zyng lr xwira dlg ef 

.cala riiqn jxrn xzei dl` miteligl qgiil oi` ,z`f mr cgi 

109 

.mzedna od miteligd 

meyixd jxc 

e` zeize`d zizyza milcad md h`xtà ecrezy gqepd ilcad .minelvza ycgn ewcap zexewnd lk .76 

oirn drtyd ilehp milcad h`xtà ebved `l .milind ly ihpnqd e` ibeletxend gezipd lr miritynd cewipa 

mbe ,dìxwÎzenià yeniya mixgapd cidÎiazk zyng oial ` oia milcadd ze`n z` epàd `l ,lynl ,jk .ef 

yi ,mixacd rahn .zilaad diibdd zxeqn z` mitwynd ,dfipbd irhway cewip ilcad ly axd xtqnd z` `l 

ziwecwcd dxevd cvn mb e` aizkd cvn miptd on lcap mieqn selig m` zirnynÎcg rixkdl oi` mday mixwn 

ly byen oiirnl zepwdl ick ,(! :opniqe) zexexa xteq zeierh mb enyxp minrtl .('jixeì' 5 hk lynl e`x) 

ePniq ,mnvr cidÎiazk zwica lr `le milcben minelvz lr epizeìxw z` cqiil epvl`py oeeikn .cidÎazk aih 

110 

.(?) dìxwa wtq mrt `l 

oia mirlbznd milcadl zeaiyg qgiil yi m` wtq .('zeiyxt') ze`wqta milcad mb ecrez h`xtà .77 

meiw mvr xaca milcad wx h`xt`d seba enyxp okl .dnezq e` ìd dgezt m` ,dwqRd ¦ beq iabl cidÎiazk 

gtqpa àen df oiipr ly xzei wcwecn oein .(Ê elnqe) dze` onqnd geex ly xcrida e` zegkepa epiidc ,dwqt 

.zilbpà èand seqay 

oigadl epleki zeax minrt .h`xtà mpnql epleki `ly ,mikxc ly oeebna mipewiz eyrp cidÎiazka .78 

pm lnqd meyixa epwtzqd j` .dibn m`yr mizrle ,ocwpd e` ,envr xteqd dyry ,mipewiz iab lr mipewiza 

llkp sm dixebhwa .oewizd xg`l hqwhd oeivl sm lnqae ,oewizd iptl ixewnd hqwhd z` ,laewnk ,oiivnd 

xteqdy ,(2 cl) 'mdil`' ¤ ¨ zaiza oebk ,zeize`d zizyza iepiy `ll ze` cewipn zerpnida onzqnd oewiz mb 

zcwepn dpi`y dnly dlin ly mixwnl ,z`f znerl .'mdl' ¤ ¨ dqxbl Dpwiz ocwpd eliè ,'mdil`' ¤ ¥ £ dqxbl da oeeik 

daizkd jldna owiz envr xteqdy zeierh ipewiz .non voc lnqd cgei (zecwepn izla milin ly svx sè) 

wgn `le) dlin zaizk milyd `l xteqd xy`k ,z`f cbpk .meyixa ellkp `le ,pm ziixebhwa eaygp `l aexl 

ileya dnyxp zexicp mizirl .(.. :lnqa) drehwd dlind dnyxp ,miptd gqepn diihq meyn da yie ,(dze` 

:oebk ,dqxb lcada xaecny yxetn oeiva minrt) oewiz xcba dppi`y oeilib zxrd (150 i''k xwira) ciÎazk 

.('lè' 9 ak lynl e`x) marg lnqa dpiev fè ,(['oiqxeb yi'=] b''i e` ,['xg` gqep'=] `''p 

.(q"yz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` :obÎznx ;xzkd :zelecb ze`xwn) l`wfgi ,odk 'n zxecdna mgqep itl ewcap miyexitd 106 

.(c"kyz ,zixard oey ll dincw`d :milyexi) 2 

g`p'b oa` dpei 'xl (rnll` © ª a`zk) dnwxd xtq ,iwqplie 'n 107 

.bxeavpibe iqexÎdc ,hewipw ly zexecdnl df jxka epiptd `l ef daiqn 108 

.(8 dxrd ,lirl) oiihyhebÎoyeb ly exn`n e`x 109 

h`xt`d lr qinrdl epi`x `le ,i/e ,x/c ,k/a oebk zenec zeize` oia aex itÎlr oigadl dyw dl` ciÎiazka ,z`f mbe 110 

.zenecn ze`qxb 

35

èan 

zqxb :aex itÎlr) ze`qxbd izyn zg` wx lelkl mihep cidÎiazk .zg` dcigil eaygp ixwe aizk .79 

miiwn cidÎazk m` epnyx dl` mixwna .`Îl dneca dphw dxeqn zxrd mb dpneq zexicp mizrl wxe 

111 

,(ixwd 

gqepl midf ixwde aizkdyk xac myxp `l mle` ,ixw zxrd mr aizk ea yiy e` ,(k) aizkd z` e` ,(q) ixwd z` 

dpigan mdn zlcape ,zernynde dxevd cvn ixwl e` aizkl ddfd dqxb mibivn cidÎiazk xy`k 112 .` 

113 

.(+) 'oeieeyÎhrnk' ly lnqa xacd oneq ,cala zitxbezxe` 

:III h`xtà mihewpd mixeviwde milnqd dlè 

.80 

xeqig 

milin lekiU 

(ixwe aizk ly mixwna) oaizka zepey j` ,zibeletxen dpigan zedf ze`qxb 

(xetqnd cvn eixg`y weqtl jiiy) dwqt oiivnd geex 

Dnilyd mxha owiz e` wgn xteqdy ,drehw dlin 

qiqtil` 

xteq zerh 

(zexrda eàedy zeaizÎiy`x ly dxwna) daiz znlyd e` ,(dfipb rhwa) xfgeyn hqwh 

(dnecke cidÎazka wfp ,melvza yehyh zngn) wtqa zlhend dìxw 

(oewiz iptl) 'dpey`x ci' 

oewiz wtq 

(oewiz ixg`) 'diipy ci' 

diipyd e` dpey`xd cil ekiiyl yi m` xexa `l j` ,oewiz yi 

oeilib zxrd 

114 

(Eb 22 e` 150) mieqn ciÎazka i`xwnd hqwhl jenqa àedy inx`d mebxzd 

zcwepn `l daiz 

d"c iptl ày dn 

> 

~ 

+ 

Ê 

.. 

... 

! 

[ba`] 

(?) 

(pm) 

(pm?) 

(sm) 

(sm?) 

marg 

Targ 

non voc 

pr 


zexewnd 

zpad ikxc lr dhren drtyd j` mda yiy mixirf mihxtl maexa mirbep df h`xtà enyxpy miteligd 

.81 

.h`xtà myxp `l df selig .'milyexi' icinzd ixwd zxeva 96 i''ka zeiawra aezk 'mlyexi' xird my 111 

oebk) mipey miaizka xzqpl xeag iepika ieaixa mvrÎzeny zetekz ea miày ,n wxta dxxerzd zcgein dira 112 

aizk zxrd `Îa dnyxp zeiexwidd herina wx mxa .`ln aizkl dxexa diihpa ,(dlà `veike 'e[i]nl[i]`' ,'e[i]l[i]`' 

itelig minyex oi`y llkl m`zda) mipeyd cidÎiazka `vnnd zeUxtzd yxetna dpiev dl` mixwna wx jkitl .ixwe 

,ziakeka oldl mipneqnd ,miccea mixwnae) 89 i''ka ixwe aizk yi df beqn miax mixwna .(`nlra xqge `ln aizk 

,'e`ze' 21 : miàd miweqta jk .'ei-'a ¨ miizqnd ixw `vnp 'e-'a ¨ miizqnd aizkd cvl :(150 ly oweznd gqepa mb 

,'enlè' ,'eliè' ,'e`ze' 29 ;'eli`' ,'enlè' 26 ;'enli`le' 25 ;*'enliè' ,*'eli`' 24 ;' 2 enlè' 22 ;*'enlè' ,'eliè' 

.'elrn' ,'eli`' ,'eliè' 37 ;'e`z' 36 ;'el`' ,'enlè' 34 ;'enl`le' ,'enlè' ,'elè' ,'e`ze' 33 ;'enlè' 31 ;'enl`le' 

.h`xtà enyxp `l dl` mixwn 

.'ixw' zexrd ly cgein beq `l` opi`y ,'e xizi' e` 'i xizi' zexrd lr mb milg dl` mixac 113 

.11 gi lynl e`x 114 

36


z` zraewd ìd ,ibxehil yeniyl wx dxe`kl miaeygd ,dl`k mihxta xteqd ly weicd zcin la` .oiiprd 

.mixgap ciÎiazk ly dphw dveawa wx mrh da yi ef oirn dwica .'dxeqn sgvn' ly ecnrn zè ekxr 

micrd .mzeeydl xyt`y cidÎiazk beq z` daizkn dxecdnd ly miptd gqepk 'daev mx` xzk'a dxigad .82 

,` ly zxeqnl miaexwd cidÎiazk qetih :mzaizk onf cvne qetihd cvn maexa minec df h`xtà milelkd 

.mipey mihxta milcapd mixge`n ciÎiazk oke ,'zelaewnÎ`l' zeipxah zexeqn e` ,zeipxahÎ`l zexeqn cvl 

dèeyd myl ea ecnred ipy cvne ,cg` cvn zipxahd xy`Îoa zxeqn ly minecwd micrd èt` enyxp h`xtà 

ze`xwn' zxecdna àd iteqd dyeall cr zipxahd zxeqnd ileblb oke zexg` zexeqn ly minecw mibivp 

115 

.miqetcl ceqi dziid okn xg`ly ,miigÎoa awri zkixra 'zelecb 

:zeveaw rax`l miwlgp df h`xt`l zexewnd 

.83 

ibivpl miaygp dl` ciÎiazk .y ,1w ,w ,37l ,35l ,32l ,30l ,29l ,28l ,23l ,20l ,14l ,10l ,4l ,l cidÎiazk (`) 

116 

.hxta xy`Îoa zxeqne llka zipxahd zxeqnd 

h`xtà ecrez `l 25l i"kn .zeipxahÎueg zexeqn ly drtyd zxkip dl` ciÎiazka .p ,25l ,18l cidÎiazk (a) 

cewipd zrtyd mb enk ,`hyt ly letk oeniqe minrhd ipniq cvl zelw zeirb ,mibzn ,cewipl mirbepd milcad 

117 

.agxend ipxahd 

zeaexwd zexeqn ly epl mirecid xzeia minecwd mibivpd mdy meyn eàed dl` ciÎiazk .x ,t cid iazk (b) 

xear ycgn ewcape ,bxeavpib zxecdna ecrez cidÎiazk .dpnn zelcap z`f lka j` zlaewnd zipxahl 

mitwynd ,cewip itelig hrne aizk itelig ly meyix `l` dyrnl dxyt` `l dpeyd mzhiy 118 .epzxecdn 

ipniq .(diibd itelig `l j`) dnecke milwyn itelig ,lretd ipiipaa ,reciia milcad oebk ,miibeletxen milcad 

mdiliawna exned ,mipey ciÎiazka dlecbde dphwd dxeqnd zexrda mizrl oke ,t i"ka miilaad cewipd 

.oiirnd zegepl miipxahd 

minecwd cidÎiazkl icbpd ahewk dze`xl xytè ,`xwnd iqetcn miaxl ceqi dyniy ef dxecdn .n zxecdn (c) 

.nÎa yiy ze`wqta miteligd lk mb enyxp l`wfgi xtq zxecdna .'laewn ipxah gqep' dyrnl aygpy dn ly 

119 

;uiytil zxecdn itl (p"a) ilztpÎoae (`"a) xy`Îoa oia 'miteligd xtq' jezn milcad mb enyxp h`xtà 

ze`qxbl zerbepd dxeqn zexrd oke 120 ;l i"k z` zenzegd dxeqnd zeniyx itl i`gpcne iàxrn itelig 

.dlà `veike ,'oixiaq' ,'xizi' ,'ixwe aizk' qetihn 

e`x) miptd gqepa egqepn zehql oekpl ep`vn xy`ke ,mipewiz ea yi xy`k :mixwn ipya h`xtà crez envr ` i"k 

.(21Ê lirl 

zpyl cidÎazk z` jx`zl oi` ike ,xy`Îoa dyn epi` w i"k ly ocwpde xteqd ,xara exaqy dnl cebipa ik xxazd 

M. Beit-Arie ´ et al., Codices Hebraicis litteris exarati quo tempore scripti fuerint : e`x .`"id d`nl `l` 895 

'c ;exhibentes (Monumenta paleographica medii aevi: Series Hebraica; Paris-Jerusalem: Brepols, 1997) 25–29 

.7 dxrd ,4 (q"yz ,oeixebÎoa zhiqxaipe` z`ved :rayÎxà) dibeqe dikxc :ztxvnd dxeqnd ,qpìil 

,rexbd eavn z`tn dxecdna miwcapd cidÎiazk lr cer dpnp epi` ,edinxi xtq ly IV h`xtà llkpy ,19l i"k 

.ef dveaway mixg`d cidÎiazkn dwegx ezxeqny meyne 

.b ,a :bxeavpib zxecdna mdipniq 

L. Lipschutz, ¨ :mb e`x ;gp-` (a"kyz) a qehqwh ,'ilztp oae xy` oa oinlrnl` oia icl` ˙ slkl` ˙ a`zk' ,uiytil '` 

‘Kitab ¯ al-Khilaf – The Book of the Hillufim: . Mishael Ben Uzziel’s Treatise on the Differences Between Ben 

Asher and Ben Naphtali’, Textus 4 (1964) 1–29 

.h`xtà epiev elbzpy milcad ;n z` zenzegd zeniyxl aex itÎlr zeaexw dl` zeniyx 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

120 

37

èan 

:zexewnd ihxt dlè 

.84 

121 

'id d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnd on ,(iwlg) mly `xwn ,daev mx` xzk 

1009 zpyn ,mly `xwn ,B 19a ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

946 zpyn ,(iwlg) miìap ,124 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

1058 zpyn ,mipexg` miìap ,1283 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

1122 zpyn ,(iwlg) miìap ,144 II c a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

`"id d`nd 

122 

,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,59 ` 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

'id d`nd ,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,9 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

`"id d`nd ,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,116 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 


a"id d`nd ,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,57 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

`"id e` 'id d`nd ,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,61 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 


`"id e` 'id d`nd ,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,122 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

'id d`nd ,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,1233 a 'uiaewxit ,(bxeaxht hpq) cxbpipl i"k 

'id d`nd ,(iwlg) mipexg` miìap ,JTS 232 = ENA 346 wxeiÎeip i"k 

123 

916 zpyn ,mipexg` miìap ,Heb B 3 bxeaxht i"k 

`"id d`nd ,miìap ,34 liidzeb ,xidw i"k 

124 

'id d`nd ,mipexg` miìap ,22 liidzeb ,xidw i"k 

125 

1105 zpyn ,miìap ,(qepìpilkiex) 3 ddexqlxw i"k 

'id d`nd ,mly `xwn ,1053 oeyy i"k 

e"tx-c"tx divpe ,dipec` oa` miigÎoa awri zxecdn ,'zelecb ze`xwn' 

` 

l 

4l 

10l 

14l 

18l 

20l 

23l 

28l 

29l 

30l 

32l 

35l 

37l 

p 

t 

w 

1w 

x 

y 

n 

meyixd jxc 

milcad oi` ik wiqdl i`yx oiirnd ,h`xtà meyix oi`yk 126 .` i"kl mdihxt lka eeyed cidÎiazk .85 

.x ,t cidÎiazka zeize`d gqepa milcad oi` ike ;y ,(6 l±5 hk hrnl) 1w ,w ,18l ,l :miàd cidÎiazka llka 

dl`y oniqa epneq zewteqn zeìxw .h`xt`d zwizyn mdiabl xac cenll ozip `le ,mirhewn cidÎiazk x`y 

zaizk oebk ,mi peyd mixteqd ly oepbq icegii ¥ crzn epi` h`xt`d 127 .(!) dìxw oniqa xteq zeierhe ,(?) 

.ezenlya xnzyd l`wfgi xtq .(e"lyz ,`xwnd lrtn :milyexi) àev mx` xzk ,oiihyhebÎoyeb 'n :meliv qetc 121 

I. Ben-Zvi, ‘The Codex of Ben Asher’, Textus 1 (1960) 2–3 :e`x cidÎazka mixqgd miwlgd lr mihxtl 

.ezenlya xnzyd l`wfgi xtq 122 

H. Strack, Prophetarum Posteriorum Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus (Petropoli: Typis :meliv qetc 123 

Academiae Scientiarum Caesareae, 1876) 

xzkl ce`n aexw ciÎazk' ,oiaii 'i ;R. Gottheil, ‘Some Hebrew Manuscripts in Cairo’, JQR 17 (1904–5) 609–655 124 

.194±169 (b"pyz) b zepyxte `xwn ipeir ,'(1w) xid`wa i`xwd zqpkd ziaa `vnp daevÎmx` 

A. Sperber, The Pre-Masoretic Bible (Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1956) :meliv qetc 125 

zeiyxt ly `ln meyixl .(26Ê lirl e`x) hqwhd seba epneq `ly myk ,h`xtà ecrez `l dtxd ew oeniqa milcad 126 

.zilbpà èanl gtqpd e`x cidÎiazka zenezqe zegezt 

z`f znerl .zeìbya zrteyne zlyexn mzaizky xg`n 25l ,10l ,4l cidÎiazkay xteq zeierh h`xtà ecrez `l 127 

.mda drh xteqdy gipdl ceqi oi`y meyn ,14l i"ka midenz micewip crzn h`xt`d 

38


dwica ewcap zexewnd lk .dlà `veike (zizgz e` zilir dcewp mr) `zlebqd zxev ,zedel`d zenya mlegd 

.mdn cgà selig `vnpyn zxfeg 

hxt ,ixtqne iziatl` èd (l`nyl oinin) micrd xcq 

128 

.ilelin epi` IV h`xt` mb ,mih`xt`d x`yk .86 

oia lcadd m` .n y x 1w w t p 37 35 32 30 29 28 25 23 20 18 14 10 4l l ` :seqa cinz dàd n zxecdnl 

h`xt`d sebae ,oiiprl zerbepd zeize`d wx d"ca enrhede ecwep ,cala dnrhde cewip ipiipra dvnzn micrl ` 

(;) wiqtÎdcewpa ecxted d"c ezeà mipey mibeqn mitelig .miptd znerl iepiy oda yiy zeize`d wx eàed 

miiyxbe ,(III h`xtà pmÎl liawn df oeniq) oewiz iptl cidÎazk avn z` onqn (') cigi yxb .mxcq itl eàede 

`l .(''') ziyily cin oewiz ddef zexicp mizrl 

129 

.(smÎl dlawda) oewizd xg`l cidÎazk avn z` mipnqn (") 

.mdipinl mipewizl zeixyt`d zeaiqd ehxet 

130 

:IV h`xtà mihewpd mixeviwde milnqd dlè 

.87 

xeqig 

Dnilyd mxha owiz e` wgn xteqdy dlin 

(oewiz iptl) 'dpey`x ci' 

(oewiz ixg`) 'diipy ci' 

(oewiz ly oewiz) 'ziyily ci' 

(dlecbd e` dphwd dxeqna) xfgeyn hqwh 

(cidÎazka dnibt llba xwira) wtqa zlhend dìxw 

xteq zerh 

dgezt dyxt 

dnezq dyxt 

dyxt xcrid 

xcq 

(mieqn i"k ly) dphw dxeqn 

(mieqn i"k ly) dlecb dxeqn 

xy`Îoa 

ilztpÎoa 

i`gpcn 

iàxrn 

131 

'uiaewxit dyr ile`y oewiz 

< 

.. 

' 

" 

''' 

 

? 

! 

(t) 

(q) 

(

èan 

miixard mixeviwd zniyx 

*l"fg zextq 

dax ziy`xa x"xa 

dax zeny x"ny 

dax `xwie x"wie 

dax xacna x"na 

dax mixac x"ac 

dax zex x"ex 

dax mixiyd xiy x"ydy 

dax dki` x"ki` 

ozp iaxc zea` p"xc` 

dax mler xcq x"rq 

xfril` iaxc iwxt `"xct 

`pdk axc `zwiqt k"xct 

izax `zwiqt x"qt 

miillk mixeviw 

eeyd 'yd 

ciÎ(i)azk i"(i)k 

zeidl jixv l"v 

e`x 'x 

diptv 'tv 

dixkf 'kf 

ik`ln 'ln 

milidz 'dz 

ilyn 'yn 

mixiyd xiy y"dy 

zldw 'dw 

xzq` 'q` 

lìpc 'pc 

`xfr 'fr 

dingp 'ngp 

` minid ixac `"dc 

a minid ixac a"dc 

mipevig mixtq 

wync zixa c"a 

`xiq oa q"a 

ziy`xa 

zeny 

`xwie 

xacna 

mixac 

ryedi 

mihtey 

` lèny 

a lèny 

` mikln 

a mikln 

diryi 

dinxi 

l`wfgi 

ryed 

qenr 

dicaer 

dkin 

wewag 

`xwn 

'xa 

'ny 

'wie 

'na 

'ac 

'edi 

'tey 

`"ny 

`"ny 

`"ln 

a"ln 

'yi 

'xi 

'gi 

'ed 

'nr 

'aer 

'in 

'ag 

mèlna eàed inlyexide ilaad cenlza ,`ztqeza ,dpyna zezkqnd zeny * 

mivawe zexcq ,zrÎiazk 

milyexi ,dizewizre ux`d zricia mixwgn :l`xyi ux` i"` 

milyexi ,dl mikenqd minegzde zixard oeyld xwgl zr azk eppeyl 

milyexi ,mecwd gxfnd xwgle `xwnl oezpy oezpy 

40

l`wfgi xtq

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