Diversidad y control biológico de insectos - CyberTesis UACh ...

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Multivariate statistics. Principal response curves (PRC) were used to analyze the time and treatment-dependent multivariate response of non-target assemblages. Background of this multivariate analysis is given by van den Brink and ter Braak (1999). In brief, this method summarizes all the information of the recorded assemblage simultaneously. The principal response, which is a weighted sum of the abundances of the taxa, was expressed as a canonical coefficient and reflected the behavior of the treated assemblages relative to the untreated control (Dively and Rose, 2002). In addition, PRC makes assemblage-level responses easier to plot and interpret and can deal with the large number of zeros often found in ecological community data. Monte-Carlo permutation tests (1999 permutations) were used to test the significance of the treatment effects (departures from the zero control line) at each sampling date. The partial redundancy analysis and MC testing were performed on CANOCO software version 4.53 (ter Braak and Smilauer, 1998). Input data were log(x+1) transformed for analysis. CANOCO outputs were used to calculate the PRCs in a spreadsheet using the formula: Cdt = (TAU x Regr:AX1) / SD (1) Where Cdt = standardized canonical coefficients; TAU = total standard deviation of the species data; Regre:AX1 = Regression/canonical coefficients for standardized variables; and SD = standard deviations of environmental variables. Results. Over 4111 specimens were enumerated and the numerically most important taxa were the carabid beetles (42%), oribatid mites (20%), gnaphosid spiders (16%) and curculionid weevils (8%). The remaining taxa accounted by the 14%. In terms of ecological functionality, 61 % of the invertebrates were predators, 11 % were herbivores and 28 % were decomposers. Spore persistence. The spore persistence on foliage and soil is shown in Figure 1. Before treatment, B. bassiana spore number was 1,7 x 10 4 CFU/dry soil gram. One day after treatment, B. bassiana spores increased by 70% (2,8 x 10 4 CFU/dry soil gram), but numbers dropped to pre-treatment level by day 15. Spores in foliage peaked 82 CFU/cm 2 , but the number decreased to almost zero one week after spraying. 81
Predators. Data set I. The principal response curves of the predator guild recorded by pitfall trapping are shown in Figure 2. The first PRC was significant and explained the 52% of the variance explained by the treatment regime (Table 1). The second PRC explained an additional 25% of the variance, but it was not significant (p=0.10). The first PRC showed that small variations were present in the pre-treatment period and significant deviations from the control in insecticide plots occurred in the three post-application sampling dates. More detailed information about the significance of treatment effects was gained by performing the MC permutation tests individually for each sampling date. The pre- treatment predator guild did not differ between treatment and control plots (Table 2). One day after the application of the spores or the insecticide, the predator guild activity decreased in the insecticide plots compared with the control plots (p=0.02), while the response curve for the B. bassiana plots fluctuated close to the zero line of the control indicating that no significant (p=0.68) changes in guild activity density occurred. The date by date contrasts indicated that this pattern was present from the day 1 throughout the day 60, thus the predator guild did not recover into the sampling period (Figure 2). Overall predator guild in the insecticide plots was reduced by 49% after application of lambda- cyhalothrin, while the predator density activity was reduced by 19% in the B. bassiana plots, compared with the control. However, only the lambda-cyhalothrin decrease was statistically significant (p
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UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
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DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
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ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
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4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE
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CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
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CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
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Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
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ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
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Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
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preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
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niveles tróficos completos o grand
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Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
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El control de esta especie se reali
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con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
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4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
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1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
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sample, showing the potential use o
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and put it in a phylogeographical p
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centrifugation and supernatant was
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(Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
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All the putative populations showed
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strongly influenced by insect host
Page 45 and 46: supported a geographical sub-divisi
Page 47 and 48: Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
Page 49 and 50: Table 1. Environmental data for the
Page 51 and 52: B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
Page 53 and 54: B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
Page 61 and 62: Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
Page 67 and 68: CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
Page 69 and 70: Introduction. In last decades, mode
Page 71 and 72: a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
Page 73 and 74: aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
Page 75 and 76: explanation than no toxicity of the
Page 77 and 78: fields that are sprayed with pestic
Page 79 and 80: affected species, when present, whe
Page 81 and 82: Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
Page 83 and 84: Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
Page 85 and 86: ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
Page 87 and 88: Activity density (individuals per p
Page 89 and 90: NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
Page 91 and 92: same percentage of mortality on lar
Page 93 and 94: Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
Page 95: (Departamento de Producción y Sani
Page 99 and 100: predators extracted from soil cores
Page 101 and 102: particularly carabids. Most of the
Page 103 and 104: the consistent results allow us to
Page 105 and 106: Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
Page 107 and 108: Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Significance of treatment
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3. Principal response curve
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5. Principal response curve
Page 117 and 118: RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
Page 119 and 120: Introduction. Declining diversity h
Page 121 and 122: Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
Page 123 and 124: Data collection. The abundance and
Page 125 and 126: N is the total number of individual
Page 127 and 128: catches), while dominant species re
Page 129 and 130: knowledge of South Chile grassland
Page 131 and 132: Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
Page 133 and 134: invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 141 and 142: genética coincide con la zona de m
Page 143 and 144: Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
Page 145 and 146: depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
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Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
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La conservación de los herbívoros
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Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
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En esta línea de razonamiento, las
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suceda en sistemas simples con poco
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BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
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isolated from the European cockchaf
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Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
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Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
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Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
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Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
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Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
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Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
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Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
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Page 177:
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