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Spore persistence in soil. Six-eight soil cores (9 cm diameter, 10 cm high) were extracted at random in each plot. They were pooled on a plastic bag to get ca. 1-1.5 k of soil and cooled (5-10° C) prior to analysis. Spores number was estimated through dilution plating method described in detail by Chase et al., 1986. We used dodine fomulated as Syllit 65 WP (ANASAC, Santiago, Chile). The procedure was as follows: In the laboratory, the soil was sieved and litter and plant parts were removed. Fifteen grams of fresh soil were added to a flask with 25 mL of sterilized distilled water and drops of Tween-20 as surfactant. In parallel, three samples of 100 g of soil were dried in a stove to measure the soil water content. The mix was shaken by hand for 5 min. An aliquot (2.5 mL) was transferred to a second tube and then sterilized water and Tween-20 were added to complete 25 mL. The new tube was treated as above and when all the dilutions were available (10 -1 to 10 -3 ), we transferred 150 µL of suspension, using a pipette, to each plate with selective media (3 plates per dilution). The plates were cultivated for ten days (no light, 20° C) and colony forming units (CFU) were recorded at the end of this period. A proportion of the colonies was sampled and correct identification was confirmed by microscopic exam. Counts were corrected by water content to express the spore numbers on a dry soil basis. Spore number in soil was estimated five times in the study: before and 1, 5, 15 and 66 days after spraying. Persistence of spores on leaves. Foliage samples were collected at random in each plot (10-15 points) and pooled. In the laboratory, pieces of foliage were cut with scissors and measured to complete 32 cm 2 . Leaf pieces were added to a tube with 25 mL of sterilized distilled water and drops of Tween-20. Then, the same procedure of soil samples was adopted. Spore numbers are expressed by fresh leaf area. Just ryegrass leaves were included in this analysis. Sampling was performed at 1, 4 and 7 days after spraying. The dilution/transference process was repeated 4 times, therefore dilutions from 10 -1 to 10 -3 were available, both soil and foliage samples. Estimates from dilution 10 -2 were used to draw Figure 1. Arthropod identification. Specimens were stored on 70% ethanol. Samples were sorted in the laboratory with the aid of a microscope and identification was performed with reference to Artigas (1994), CSIRO (1991) and with the help of a reference collection identified by Dr. Roberto Carrillo 79
(Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Austral de Chile) over the last ten years. Some specimens were not identified to the species level, thus the terms “taxa” and “species” are used interchangeable in this paper. Voucher specimens were hold in the Quilamapu Regional Research Centre, INIA, and the Entomology Laboratory, Universidad Austral de Chile. Data sets. Four data sets were available: Predator guild from pitfall trapping (data set I). This data set comprises two spider families (Lycosidae and Gnaphosidae) and 11 species of carabid beetles: Mimodromites cyanaeus (Dejean), Trechisibus angularis Jeanel, Calosoma vagans (Dejean), Metius flavipes (Dejean), Parhypates sp., Trirammatus unistriatus (Dejean,), Allendia chilensis (Dejean), Argutoridius chilensis (Dejean), Ceroglossus chilensis Eschscholtz, Ferionomorpha aerea (Dejean) and Ferionomorpha nebroides (Curtis). Predator guild from core sampling (data set II). This data set comprises six taxa: the spider families Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae, the rove beetle family Staphylinidae, the earwig Forficula sp., and the taxa Carabidae (larva) and Carabidae (adult). The carabid adults were pooled because they were present at low number. The Carabidae (larva) was treated as separated taxa because the larva were not unequivocally assigned to an species. Non-target herbivore guild (data set III). The taxa included in this data set were extracted from soil cores by the Berlese method. The eight taxa were: the ryegrass weevil Listronotus bonariensis, the diptera Tipulidae, the families Elateridae, Noctuidae, Cantharidae, Curculionidae (larva), the weevil Apion sp. and the taxa Other Coleoptera. Decomposers guild (data set IV). These specimens were extracted from soil cores as above and comprimes four taxa: earthworms (Lombricidae), larva of the Stratiomyiidae family, the Oribatidae mites and Coleoptera. Statistics and analysis of data. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The size of each plot was 30 x 30 m. Multi-variate analysis were conducted to test whether the treatment regimes affected the activity or density of selected guilds. 80
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UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
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DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
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ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
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4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE
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CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
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CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
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Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
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ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
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Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
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preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
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niveles tróficos completos o grand
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Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
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El control de esta especie se reali
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con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
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4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
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1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
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sample, showing the potential use o
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and put it in a phylogeographical p
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centrifugation and supernatant was
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(Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
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All the putative populations showed
Page 43 and 44: strongly influenced by insect host
Page 45 and 46: supported a geographical sub-divisi
Page 47 and 48: Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
Page 49 and 50: Table 1. Environmental data for the
Page 51 and 52: B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
Page 53 and 54: B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
Page 61 and 62: Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
Page 67 and 68: CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
Page 69 and 70: Introduction. In last decades, mode
Page 71 and 72: a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
Page 73 and 74: aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
Page 75 and 76: explanation than no toxicity of the
Page 77 and 78: fields that are sprayed with pestic
Page 79 and 80: affected species, when present, whe
Page 81 and 82: Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
Page 83 and 84: Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
Page 85 and 86: ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
Page 87 and 88: Activity density (individuals per p
Page 89 and 90: NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
Page 91 and 92: same percentage of mortality on lar
Page 93: Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
Page 97 and 98: Predators. Data set I. The principa
Page 99 and 100: predators extracted from soil cores
Page 101 and 102: particularly carabids. Most of the
Page 103 and 104: the consistent results allow us to
Page 105 and 106: Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
Page 107 and 108: Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Significance of treatment
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3. Principal response curve
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5. Principal response curve
Page 117 and 118: RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
Page 119 and 120: Introduction. Declining diversity h
Page 121 and 122: Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
Page 123 and 124: Data collection. The abundance and
Page 125 and 126: N is the total number of individual
Page 127 and 128: catches), while dominant species re
Page 129 and 130: knowledge of South Chile grassland
Page 131 and 132: Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
Page 133 and 134: invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 141 and 142: genética coincide con la zona de m
Page 143 and 144: Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
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depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
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Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
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La conservación de los herbívoros
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Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
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En esta línea de razonamiento, las
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suceda en sistemas simples con poco
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BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
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isolated from the European cockchaf
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Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
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Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
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Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
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Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
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Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
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Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
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Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
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Page 177:
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