Diversidad y control biológico de insectos - CyberTesis UACh ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2.- CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO: ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS NO DESEADOS A NIVEL DE TAXA INDIVIDUALES. ...............................................................................51 CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SOIL SURFACE PREDATORS (CARABID BEETLES AND SPIDERS) AND COMPATIBILITY WITH B. BASSIANA SPORES AND LAMBDA- CYHALOTHRIN IN A SOUTHERN CHILEAN PASTURE............................................................52 SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................53 INTRODUCTION. .....................................................................................................................54 MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................................................................................55 Predator sampling. ................................................................................................................56 Statistical analysis.................................................................................................................56 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................56 DISCUSSION. ..........................................................................................................................58 Ground predator assemblage composition............................................................................58 Response to treatments. ........................................................................................................59 Carabidae. .............................................................................................................................59 Spiders ..................................................................................................................................61 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................63 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ...........................................................................................................64 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................64 3.- CAPÍTULO TERCERO: ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS NO DESEADOS A NIVEL DE GREMIOS.......................................................................................................73 NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF DALACA PALLENS CONTROL IN SOUTH CHILE: AN ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL AT THE GUILD LEVEL. ..........................................74 SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................74 INTRODUCTION. .....................................................................................................................75 MATERIALS AND METHODS. ..................................................................................................77 Site. .......................................................................................................................................77 Fungus...................................................................................................................................77 Treatments. ...........................................................................................................................77 Data collection. .....................................................................................................................78 Arthropod identification. ......................................................................................................79 Data sets................................................................................................................................80 Statistics and analysis of data. ..............................................................................................80 RESULTS. ...............................................................................................................................81 Spore persistence. .................................................................................................................81 Predators. ..............................................................................................................................82 DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................................................83 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .........................................................................................................88 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................88 iii
4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS NO DESEADOS A NIVEL DE COMUNIDAD. .............................................................................................101 RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY TO BIOLOGICAL AND CONVENTIONAL CONTROL OF A NATIVE MOTH: USING BEAUVERIA BASSIANA AND LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN FOR DALACA PALLENS (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE) SUPPRESSION.......................................................................................................................102 ABSTRACT. ..........................................................................................................................103 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................104 MATERIALS AND METHODS. ...............................................................................................105 Sites and environmental data. .............................................................................................105 Fungus.................................................................................................................................106 Procedures...........................................................................................................................106 Data collection. ...................................................................................................................108 Data analysis.......................................................................................................................108 Diversity..............................................................................................................................109 Species richness and rarefaction statistics. .........................................................................109 Evenness. ............................................................................................................................109 Dominance..........................................................................................................................110 RESULTS ..............................................................................................................................110 Taxonomic and functional identity.....................................................................................110 Effects on community metrics. ...........................................................................................110 Diversity..............................................................................................................................110 Species richness. .................................................................................................................111 Evenness. ............................................................................................................................111 Dominance..........................................................................................................................111 DISCUSSION. ........................................................................................................................112 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .......................................................................................................115 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................115 DISCUSIÓN. .....................................................................................................................125 DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE B. BASSIANA EN CHILE................................................................125 EFECTOS EN LA ARTROPAFAUNA..........................................................................................126 RESPUESTA DE LOS TAXA EN FORMA INDIVIDUAL. ...............................................................127 RESPUESTA A NIVEL DE GRUPOS FUNCIONALES....................................................................132 RESPUESTA DE LA COMUNIDAD DE ARTRÓPODOS COMO UN TODO. ......................................135 FUTURA INVESTIGACIÓN......................................................................................................140 BIBLIOGRAFIA ..............................................................................................................142 iv
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
Page 3 and 4: DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
Page 5: ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
Page 9 and 10: CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
Page 11 and 12: CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 15 and 16: ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
Page 17 and 18: Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
Page 19 and 20: preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
Page 21 and 22: niveles tróficos completos o grand
Page 23 and 24: Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
Page 25 and 26: El control de esta especie se reali
Page 27 and 28: con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
Page 29 and 30: 4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
Page 31 and 32: 1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
Page 33 and 34: sample, showing the potential use o
Page 35 and 36: and put it in a phylogeographical p
Page 37 and 38: centrifugation and supernatant was
Page 39 and 40: (Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
Page 41 and 42: All the putative populations showed
Page 43 and 44: strongly influenced by insect host
Page 45 and 46: supported a geographical sub-divisi
Page 47 and 48: Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
Page 49 and 50: Table 1. Environmental data for the
Page 51 and 52: B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
Page 53 and 54: B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
Page 63 and 64:
Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
Page 65 and 66:
Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
Page 67 and 68:
CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
Page 69 and 70:
Introduction. In last decades, mode
Page 71 and 72:
a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
Page 73 and 74:
aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
Page 75 and 76:
explanation than no toxicity of the
Page 77 and 78:
fields that are sprayed with pestic
Page 79 and 80:
affected species, when present, whe
Page 81 and 82:
Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
Page 83 and 84:
Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
Page 85 and 86:
ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
Page 87 and 88:
Activity density (individuals per p
Page 89 and 90:
NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
Page 91 and 92:
same percentage of mortality on lar
Page 93 and 94:
Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
Page 95 and 96:
(Departamento de Producción y Sani
Page 97 and 98:
Predators. Data set I. The principa
Page 99 and 100:
predators extracted from soil cores
Page 101 and 102:
particularly carabids. Most of the
Page 103 and 104:
the consistent results allow us to
Page 105 and 106:
Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
Page 107 and 108:
Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
Page 109 and 110:
Table 2. Significance of treatment
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 3. Principal response curve
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 5. Principal response curve
Page 117 and 118:
RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
Page 119 and 120:
Introduction. Declining diversity h
Page 121 and 122:
Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
Page 123 and 124:
Data collection. The abundance and
Page 125 and 126:
N is the total number of individual
Page 127 and 128:
catches), while dominant species re
Page 129 and 130:
knowledge of South Chile grassland
Page 131 and 132:
Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
Page 133 and 134:
invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 141 and 142:
genética coincide con la zona de m
Page 143 and 144:
Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
Page 145 and 146:
depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
Page 147 and 148:
Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
Page 149 and 150:
La conservación de los herbívoros
Page 151 and 152:
Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
Page 153 and 154:
En esta línea de razonamiento, las
Page 155 and 156:
suceda en sistemas simples con poco
Page 157 and 158:
BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
Page 159 and 160:
isolated from the European cockchaf
Page 161 and 162:
Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
Page 163 and 164:
Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
Page 165 and 166:
Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
Page 167 and 168:
Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
Page 169 and 170:
Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
Page 171 and 172:
Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
Page 173 and 174:
Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177:
show all

Diversidad y control biológico de insectos - CyberTesis UACh ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?