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2.- CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO: ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS NO DESEADOS A NIVEL DE TAXA INDIVIDUALES. ...............................................................................51 CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SOIL SURFACE PREDATORS (CARABID BEETLES AND SPIDERS) AND COMPATIBILITY WITH B. BASSIANA SPORES AND LAMBDA- CYHALOTHRIN IN A SOUTHERN CHILEAN PASTURE............................................................52 SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................53 INTRODUCTION. .....................................................................................................................54 MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................................................................................55 Predator sampling. ................................................................................................................56 Statistical analysis.................................................................................................................56 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................56 DISCUSSION. ..........................................................................................................................58 Ground predator assemblage composition............................................................................58 Response to treatments. ........................................................................................................59 Carabidae. .............................................................................................................................59 Spiders ..................................................................................................................................61 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................63 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ...........................................................................................................64 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................64 3.- CAPÍTULO TERCERO: ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS NO DESEADOS A NIVEL DE GREMIOS.......................................................................................................73 NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF DALACA PALLENS CONTROL IN SOUTH CHILE: AN ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL AT THE GUILD LEVEL. ..........................................74 SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................74 INTRODUCTION. .....................................................................................................................75 MATERIALS AND METHODS. ..................................................................................................77 Site. .......................................................................................................................................77 Fungus...................................................................................................................................77 Treatments. ...........................................................................................................................77 Data collection. .....................................................................................................................78 Arthropod identification. ......................................................................................................79 Data sets................................................................................................................................80 Statistics and analysis of data. ..............................................................................................80 RESULTS. ...............................................................................................................................81 Spore persistence. .................................................................................................................81 Predators. ..............................................................................................................................82 DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................................................83 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .........................................................................................................88 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................88 iii
4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS NO DESEADOS A NIVEL DE COMUNIDAD. .............................................................................................101 RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY TO BIOLOGICAL AND CONVENTIONAL CONTROL OF A NATIVE MOTH: USING BEAUVERIA BASSIANA AND LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN FOR DALACA PALLENS (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE) SUPPRESSION.......................................................................................................................102 ABSTRACT. ..........................................................................................................................103 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................104 MATERIALS AND METHODS. ...............................................................................................105 Sites and environmental data. .............................................................................................105 Fungus.................................................................................................................................106 Procedures...........................................................................................................................106 Data collection. ...................................................................................................................108 Data analysis.......................................................................................................................108 Diversity..............................................................................................................................109 Species richness and rarefaction statistics. .........................................................................109 Evenness. ............................................................................................................................109 Dominance..........................................................................................................................110 RESULTS ..............................................................................................................................110 Taxonomic and functional identity.....................................................................................110 Effects on community metrics. ...........................................................................................110 Diversity..............................................................................................................................110 Species richness. .................................................................................................................111 Evenness. ............................................................................................................................111 Dominance..........................................................................................................................111 DISCUSSION. ........................................................................................................................112 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .......................................................................................................115 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................115 DISCUSIÓN. .....................................................................................................................125 DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE B. BASSIANA EN CHILE................................................................125 EFECTOS EN LA ARTROPAFAUNA..........................................................................................126 RESPUESTA DE LOS TAXA EN FORMA INDIVIDUAL. ...............................................................127 RESPUESTA A NIVEL DE GRUPOS FUNCIONALES....................................................................132 RESPUESTA DE LA COMUNIDAD DE ARTRÓPODOS COMO UN TODO. ......................................135 FUTURA INVESTIGACIÓN......................................................................................................140 BIBLIOGRAFIA ..............................................................................................................142 iv
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
Page 3 and 4: DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
Page 5: ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
Page 9 and 10: CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
Page 11 and 12: CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 15 and 16: ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
Page 17 and 18: Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
Page 19 and 20: preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
Page 21 and 22: niveles tróficos completos o grand
Page 23 and 24: Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
Page 25 and 26: El control de esta especie se reali
Page 27 and 28: con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
Page 29 and 30: 4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
Page 31 and 32: 1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
Page 33 and 34: sample, showing the potential use o
Page 35 and 36: and put it in a phylogeographical p
Page 37 and 38: centrifugation and supernatant was
Page 39 and 40: (Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
Page 41 and 42: All the putative populations showed
Page 43 and 44: strongly influenced by insect host
Page 45 and 46: supported a geographical sub-divisi
Page 47 and 48: Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
Page 49 and 50: Table 1. Environmental data for the
Page 51 and 52: B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
Page 53 and 54: B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
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Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
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Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
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Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
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Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
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Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
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CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
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Introduction. In last decades, mode
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a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
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aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
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explanation than no toxicity of the
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fields that are sprayed with pestic
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affected species, when present, whe
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Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
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Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
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ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
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Activity density (individuals per p
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NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
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same percentage of mortality on lar
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Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
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(Departamento de Producción y Sani
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Predators. Data set I. The principa
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predators extracted from soil cores
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particularly carabids. Most of the
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the consistent results allow us to
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Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
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Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
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Table 2. Significance of treatment
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Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
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Figure 3. Principal response curve
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Figure 5. Principal response curve
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RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
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Introduction. Declining diversity h
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Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
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Data collection. The abundance and
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N is the total number of individual
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catches), while dominant species re
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knowledge of South Chile grassland
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Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
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invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
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Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
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Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
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Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
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genética coincide con la zona de m
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Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
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depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
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Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
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La conservación de los herbívoros
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Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
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En esta línea de razonamiento, las
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suceda en sistemas simples con poco
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BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
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isolated from the European cockchaf
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Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
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Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
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Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
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Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
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Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
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Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
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Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
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Page 177:
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