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Acknowledgements. We thank David Vázquez and Howard Thistlewood for statistical advice and for comments on the manuscript, respectively, and Leticia Silvestre for carabid identification. Funding was provided by Dirección de Investigación y Desarollo, Universidad Austral de Chile, through Project DID D-2003-2. LD was supported by MECESUP AUS- 9904. References. Alves, S.B., J. Almeida, A. Moino and L.F. Alves, 1998. Técnicas de laboratório. In: S.B. Alves, (ed.), Controle microbiano de insetos. Fundacao de Estudos Agrários Luiz de Queiroz. Piracicaba, Brasil. pp. 637-711. Artigas, J. 1994. Entomología económica. Insectos de interés agrícola, forestal, médico y veterinario. Ediciones Universidad de Concepción. Concepción, Chile. Barbieri, A., M. Veronesi, M. Simona, S. Malusardi and V. Straskrabova, 1999. Limnological survey in eight high mountain lakes located in Lago Maggiore watershed (Switzerland). J. Limn. 58(2): 179-192. Brinkman, M.A. and B.W. Fuller, 1999. Influence of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA on nontarget rangeland arthropod population. Environ. Entomol. 28(5): 863-867. Carrillo, R., E. González and M. Neira, 2003. Extracción de larvas y adultos de carábidos desde el suelo, comparación de métodos. Revista Chilena de Entomología 29: 111-115. Chase, A.R., L.S. Osborne and V.M. Ferguson, 1996. Selective isolation of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae from an artificial potting medium. Florida Entomologist 69:285-292. Cisternas, E., M. Gerding and A. France, 2003. Uso del hongo Beauveria bassiana ¿Cómo controlar la cuncunilla negra de las praderas sin usar insecticidas? Informativo Agropecuario BIOLECHE INIA-Quilamapu 16(1): 51-52. CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a textbook for students and research workers, vol. 1 & 2. Melbourne Univ. Press, Carlton, Australia. Danfa, A. and H.C. van der Valk, 1999. Laboratory testing of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana on Sahelian non-target arthropods. Biocontrol Sci. Tech. 9: 187- 198. 115
Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of upland arthropod diversity to livestock grazing, vegetation structure and landform. Food Agric. Environ. 1: 301-307. Devotto, L., E. Cisternas and M. Gerding, 2003. Interacciones entre un ensamble de artrópodos y Beauveria bassiana utilizada como controlador biológico de Dalaca pallens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) en praderas. In: Resúmenes del XXV Congreso Nacional de Entomología, 26-28 de noviembre de 2003, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile. Ehrlich, P.R. and A.H. Ehrlich, 1981. Extinction: the causes and consequences of the disappearance of species. Random House, New York, USA. Ehrlich, P.R. and E.O. Wilson, 1991. Biodiversity studies: science and policy. Science 253, 758-762. Gotelli, N.J. and R.K. Colwell, 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol. Lett. 4: 379-391. Gotelli, N.J. and G.L. Entsminger, 2004. EcoSim: Null models software for ecology. Version 7. Acquired Intelligence Inc. & Kesey-Bear. Jericho, VT 05465. http://garyentsminger.com/ecosim.htm. Hardin, M.R., B. Benrey, M. Coll, W.O. Lamp, G.K. Roderick and P. Barbosa, 1995. Arthropod pest resurgence: an overview of potential mechanisms. Crop Prot. 14: 3-18. Hills, O.A. and E.A. Taylor, 1951. Parasitization of dipterous leafminers in cantaloupes and lettuce in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 44: 759-762. Hurlbert, S.H., 1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecol. 52: 577-586. Ivie M.A., D.A. Pollock, D.L. Gustafson, J. Rasolomandimby, L.L. Ivie and W.D. Swearingena, 2002. Field-based evaluation of biopesticide impacts on native biodiversity: Malagasy Coleoptera and anti-locust entomopathogenic fungi. J. Econ. Entomol. 95(4): 651–660. Jayanthi, P.D.K. and K. Padmavathamma, 1996. Cross infectivity and safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to pests of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. J. Entomol. Research 20: 211-215. 116
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UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
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DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
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ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
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4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE
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CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
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CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
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Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
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ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
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Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
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preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
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niveles tróficos completos o grand
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Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
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El control de esta especie se reali
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con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
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4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
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1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
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sample, showing the potential use o
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and put it in a phylogeographical p
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centrifugation and supernatant was
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(Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
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All the putative populations showed
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strongly influenced by insect host
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supported a geographical sub-divisi
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Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
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Table 1. Environmental data for the
Page 51 and 52:
B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
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B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
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Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
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Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
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Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
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Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
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Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
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Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
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CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
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Introduction. In last decades, mode
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a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
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aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
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explanation than no toxicity of the
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fields that are sprayed with pestic
Page 79 and 80: affected species, when present, whe
Page 81 and 82: Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
Page 83 and 84: Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
Page 85 and 86: ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
Page 87 and 88: Activity density (individuals per p
Page 89 and 90: NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
Page 91 and 92: same percentage of mortality on lar
Page 93 and 94: Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
Page 95 and 96: (Departamento de Producción y Sani
Page 97 and 98: Predators. Data set I. The principa
Page 99 and 100: predators extracted from soil cores
Page 101 and 102: particularly carabids. Most of the
Page 103 and 104: the consistent results allow us to
Page 105 and 106: Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
Page 107 and 108: Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Significance of treatment
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3. Principal response curve
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5. Principal response curve
Page 117 and 118: RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
Page 119 and 120: Introduction. Declining diversity h
Page 121 and 122: Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
Page 123 and 124: Data collection. The abundance and
Page 125 and 126: N is the total number of individual
Page 127 and 128: catches), while dominant species re
Page 129: knowledge of South Chile grassland
Page 133 and 134: invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 141 and 142: genética coincide con la zona de m
Page 143 and 144: Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
Page 145 and 146: depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
Page 147 and 148: Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
Page 149 and 150: La conservación de los herbívoros
Page 151 and 152: Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
Page 153 and 154: En esta línea de razonamiento, las
Page 155 and 156: suceda en sistemas simples con poco
Page 157 and 158: BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
Page 159 and 160: isolated from the European cockchaf
Page 161 and 162: Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
Page 163 and 164: Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
Page 165 and 166: Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
Page 167 and 168: Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
Page 169 and 170: Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
Page 171 and 172: Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
Page 173 and 174: Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
Page 175 and 176: Anexo 5. Capturas provenientes de l
Page 177: Anexo 7. Capturas provenientes de l
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