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Species richness. Rarefaction curves of species richness were calculated for both trials (Figures 5-6). In the winter experiment, species richness estimated at n = 495 did not differ between sites before treatment (Figure 5, A), in spite of marked differences between site abundances (numbers at the B. bassiana site were twice-fold those at the control site). In both post-spraying sampling dates, species richness at the control site felt slightly out of the confidence interval calculated around B. bassiana rarefaction curve, while λ-cyhalothrin rarefaction curve felt out the lower confidence limit of B. bassiana rarefaction curve (Figure 5, B-C). Spring results indicated that the control and λ-cyhalothrin species richness were similar and higher than the B. bassiana species richness before treatment, at n = 402 (Figure 6). After treatment, the confidence limits of B. bassiana and λ-cyhalothrin overlapped and included the control species richness, therefore the treatments did not alter species richness in this season. Evenness. In the winter experiment, evenness before treatment at the control site was higher than evenness at both B. bassiana and λ-cyhalothrin sites but there was no significant difference between these latter two sites. Twenty days after a single spraying of B. bassiana or λ- cyhalothrin, estimates of Hurlbert’s PIE showed a different pattern: control and B. bassiana sites showed no differences (α = 0.05), but evenness at λ-cyhalothrin site was significantly lower (Figure 3, centre). The same result was obtained when evenness values were calculated from samples taken 40 days after treatment (Figure 3, center). Pre and post-spraying values for evenness in the spring experiment are shown in Figure 4 (centre). Samples taken before spraying indicated that evenness in untreated and treated sites was similar. Thirty days after spraying, estimates of Hurlbert’s PIE showed slight, although statistically significant, differences between control and B. bassiana sites and a more marked decreased evenness at λ-cyhalothrin site (Figure 4, centre). Dominance. In the winter experiment, dominance was similar between treated sites, but it was lower at the control site (Figure 3, right). Twenty days after spraying, dominance remained high at the λ-cyhalothrin site (where the most dominant species accounted for more than 60% of 111
catches), while dominant species represented just 45% and 39% of catches at the B. bassiana and control sites, respectively (Figure 3, right). At 40 days after treatment, dominance at the control site was slightly higher than dominance at the B. bassiana site, but lower than at the λ-cyhalothrin site (Figure 3, right). In the spring experiment (Figure 4), before spraying no species accounted for more than 25% of catches, but post-spray samples revealed that dominance was higher at the insecticide site (50%) than the dominance at the B. bassiana (27%) and control sites (33%) (Figure 4, bottom). Discussion. Earlier field studies have reported non existent or minimal non-target effects of inundative applications of B. bassiana (
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UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
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DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
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ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
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4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE
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CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
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CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
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Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
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ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
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Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
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preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
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niveles tróficos completos o grand
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Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
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El control de esta especie se reali
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con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
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4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
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1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
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sample, showing the potential use o
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and put it in a phylogeographical p
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centrifugation and supernatant was
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(Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
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All the putative populations showed
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strongly influenced by insect host
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supported a geographical sub-divisi
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Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
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Table 1. Environmental data for the
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B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
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B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
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Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
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Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
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Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
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Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
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Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
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Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
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CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
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Introduction. In last decades, mode
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a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
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aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
Page 75 and 76: explanation than no toxicity of the
Page 77 and 78: fields that are sprayed with pestic
Page 79 and 80: affected species, when present, whe
Page 81 and 82: Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
Page 83 and 84: Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
Page 85 and 86: ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
Page 87 and 88: Activity density (individuals per p
Page 89 and 90: NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
Page 91 and 92: same percentage of mortality on lar
Page 93 and 94: Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
Page 95 and 96: (Departamento de Producción y Sani
Page 97 and 98: Predators. Data set I. The principa
Page 99 and 100: predators extracted from soil cores
Page 101 and 102: particularly carabids. Most of the
Page 103 and 104: the consistent results allow us to
Page 105 and 106: Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
Page 107 and 108: Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Significance of treatment
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3. Principal response curve
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5. Principal response curve
Page 117 and 118: RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
Page 119 and 120: Introduction. Declining diversity h
Page 121 and 122: Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
Page 123 and 124: Data collection. The abundance and
Page 125: N is the total number of individual
Page 129 and 130: knowledge of South Chile grassland
Page 131 and 132: Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
Page 133 and 134: invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 141 and 142: genética coincide con la zona de m
Page 143 and 144: Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
Page 145 and 146: depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
Page 147 and 148: Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
Page 149 and 150: La conservación de los herbívoros
Page 151 and 152: Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
Page 153 and 154: En esta línea de razonamiento, las
Page 155 and 156: suceda en sistemas simples con poco
Page 157 and 158: BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
Page 159 and 160: isolated from the European cockchaf
Page 161 and 162: Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
Page 163 and 164: Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
Page 165 and 166: Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
Page 167 and 168: Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
Page 169 and 170: Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
Page 171 and 172: Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
Page 173 and 174: Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
Page 175 and 176: Anexo 5. Capturas provenientes de l
Page 177:
Anexo 7. Capturas provenientes de l
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