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were estimated using a dilution plating method on agar-oat-dodine selective media (Chase et al., 1986). Spore persistence in soil. Eight soil cores (9 cm diameter, 10 cm deep) were extracted at random in each plot assigned to B. bassiana treatment. They were pooled and put in a plastic bag to get ca. 1-1.5 Kg of soil and cooled (5-10° C) prior to analysis. In the laboratory, the soil was sieved and litter and roots were removed. Fifteen grams of fresh soil were added to a flask with 25 ml of sterilized distilled water and drops of Tween-20 as surfactant. In parallel, three samples of 100 g of soil were dried in a stove to measure the soil water content and express the number of colonies on a dry soil basis. The mix was shaken by hand for 5 min. An aliquot (2.5 ml) was transferred to a second tube and then sterilized water and Tween-20 were added to complete 25 ml. The new tube was treated as above and when all the dilutions were available (10 -1 to 10 -3 ), we transferred 150 µl of suspension, using a pipette, to each plate with selective media (3 plates per dilution). The plates were cultivated for ten days (no light, 20° C) and colony forming units (CFU) were recorded at the end of this period. A proportion of the colonies was sampled and correct identification was confirmed by microscopic exam. Counts were corrected by water content to express the spore numbers on a dry soil basis. Spore number was estimated five times in the study: before and 1, 5, 15 and 66 days after spraying. Persistence of spores on leaves. Foliage samples were collected at random in each plot (10-15 points) and pooled. In the laboratory, pieces of leaves were cut with scissors, measured with a rule and added still to complete 32 cm 2 per plot. Leaf pieces were added to a tube with 25 ml of sterilized distilled water and drops of Tween-20. Then, the same procedure of soil samples was adopted. Spore numbers are expressed by fresh leaf area. Only ryegrass leaves were included in this analysis. Sampling was performed at 1, 4 and 7 days after spraying. The dilution/transference process was repeated 3 times, therefore dilutions from 10 -1 to 10 -3 were available, both soil and foliage samples. Only estimation from dilution 10 -2 were used to draw the soil persistence curve and the foliage persistence curve was drawn from 10 -1 dilution data (Figure 1). 107
Data collection. The abundance and diversity of invertebrates were monitored by extracting soil cores three times in winter (before spraying and 20 and 40 days after spraying) and twice in spring (before spraying and 30 days after spraying): without removing the plant cover, a bucket auger was pressed down to the soil to collect samples from the top 10 cm of soil. Soil cores (9 cm diameter, 10 cm high) were extracted and bagged to prevent desiccation and animal escape. In the winter experiment 120 cores were taken from every site and 30 cores were taken from each plot in the spring experiment. In the laboratory, 70% of the cores were put on extraction trails and the remaining 30% were put on Berlese-Tullgren funnels (Carrillo et al., 2003), active for 96 h. These proportions were kept constant across sites and dates, thus counts from both extraction methods were pooled. All material from funnels and trails was sieved onto a screen cloth and invertebrates were poured into a Petri dish. Specimens were examined under a stereoscopic microscope, counted and classified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Identification was performed using keys and illustrations provided by CSIRO (1991) and Artigas (1994) as well as comparing them with those already identified in the Entomology Laboratory Collection, Universidad Austral de Chile (UACH). Arthropods were stored in 70% ethanol and representative specimens were mounted and deposited in the UACH Insect Collection. Data analysis Species richness curves, Shannon index, Hurlbert’s PIE and dominance were calculated using ECOSIM software (Gotelli y Colwell, 2001; Gotelli and Entsminger, 2004). We set up 1000 iterations for generating 95% confidence intervals (CI) through a Monte Carlo procedure and if calculated CI of two indexes did not overlap, they statistically differed at α = 0.05. The foliage and soil counts of colony forming units (CFU) were submitted to one way ANOVA, with time as factor. Means were compared by Fisher’s least significant difference test (LSD, p=0.05). The analyses were performed in S-PLUS 2000 software (MathSoft Inc., Cambridge, USA). 108
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UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
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DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
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ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
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4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE
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CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
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CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
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Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
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ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
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Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
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preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
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niveles tróficos completos o grand
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Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
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El control de esta especie se reali
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con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
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4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
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1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
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sample, showing the potential use o
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and put it in a phylogeographical p
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centrifugation and supernatant was
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(Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
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All the putative populations showed
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strongly influenced by insect host
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supported a geographical sub-divisi
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Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
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Table 1. Environmental data for the
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B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
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B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
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Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
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Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
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Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
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Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
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Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
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Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
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CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
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Introduction. In last decades, mode
Page 71 and 72: a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
Page 73 and 74: aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
Page 75 and 76: explanation than no toxicity of the
Page 77 and 78: fields that are sprayed with pestic
Page 79 and 80: affected species, when present, whe
Page 81 and 82: Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
Page 83 and 84: Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
Page 85 and 86: ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
Page 87 and 88: Activity density (individuals per p
Page 89 and 90: NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
Page 91 and 92: same percentage of mortality on lar
Page 93 and 94: Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
Page 95 and 96: (Departamento de Producción y Sani
Page 97 and 98: Predators. Data set I. The principa
Page 99 and 100: predators extracted from soil cores
Page 101 and 102: particularly carabids. Most of the
Page 103 and 104: the consistent results allow us to
Page 105 and 106: Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
Page 107 and 108: Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Significance of treatment
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3. Principal response curve
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5. Principal response curve
Page 117 and 118: RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
Page 119 and 120: Introduction. Declining diversity h
Page 121: Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
Page 125 and 126: N is the total number of individual
Page 127 and 128: catches), while dominant species re
Page 129 and 130: knowledge of South Chile grassland
Page 131 and 132: Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
Page 133 and 134: invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 141 and 142: genética coincide con la zona de m
Page 143 and 144: Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
Page 145 and 146: depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
Page 147 and 148: Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
Page 149 and 150: La conservación de los herbívoros
Page 151 and 152: Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
Page 153 and 154: En esta línea de razonamiento, las
Page 155 and 156: suceda en sistemas simples con poco
Page 157 and 158: BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
Page 159 and 160: isolated from the European cockchaf
Page 161 and 162: Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
Page 163 and 164: Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
Page 165 and 166: Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
Page 167 and 168: Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
Page 169 and 170: Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
Page 171 and 172: Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
Page 173 and 174:
Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
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Page 177:
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