Diversidad y control biológico de insectos - CyberTesis UACh ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1996). Although the link between “bottom-up” prey resources in the habitat and predator abundance has been demonstrated in some systems, its importance to the biological control of herbivores has not been well established (Mathews et al., 2004 and references in). The observed increase in oribatid mites did not correlated positively with their potential carabid predators, at least in the short term. However, in our study the smaller species, which could be potential mite predators, were collected at very low numbers, thus they could not forage on this extra resource at the time of the experiment. The results, especially for predators, warrants further investigation because the broad- spectrum insecticides will continue playing a role in the D. pallens control. Anthropogenic pastures are considered relatively impoverished compared to more natural habitats, but they contribute to the biodiversity of Southern Chilean ecosystems because of their extension and patchy landscape. Use of microbial pesticides for integrated pest management (IPM) has increased in recent years in part because of the low selectivity of conventional insecticides. Biopesticides based on B. bassiana have characteristics readily amenable to accomplish IPM requirements, but concerns for the environment has resulted in greater scrutiny of both old and new plant protection products (Solomon and Giesy, 2001), including B. bassiana. Before widespread use of these fungi can be advocated, a comprehensive assessment of their impact on the non-target species are needed (Parker et al., 1997). An assessment of the ecological risks of B. bassiana should include a comparison with the risks of conventional control methods, as it was performed in this study. On the other hand, the risk and hazard assessment process is completed just when the different stages (hazard identification, exposure assessment, effects assessment, risk characterization and risk management) are accomplished (Römbke and Moltmann, 1996). Therefore, more detailed knowledge of invertebrate community dynamics on Chilean pastures is needed to enhance pest control and to ensure that this new technology is safer than the current techniques in use. Finally, results of this study supported the findings reported on early literature, which showed that the use of B. bassiana spores at field do not pose a significant hazard for any recorded non-target guild or taxon, while the use of a broad-spectrum insecticide like lambda-cyhalothrin severely disrupted the predator assemblage. The ecological consequences of this disruption can not be anticipated by a short-term study like this, but 87
the consistent results allow us to rise concerns on natural control of pest and conservation of natural enemies. Acknowledgements. We thank Leticia Silvestre (Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Austral de Chile) and Milenko Aguilera (Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Concepción) for carabid and spider identification, respectively. LD thanks specially to Paul van den Brink (Wageningen University) for statistical advising, as well as several researchers who shared their experience on PRC analysis. Funding came from Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Austral de Chile and MECESUP project AUS-9904. References. Artigas, J. 1994. Entomología económica. Insectos de interés agrícola, forestal, médico y veterinario. (nativos, introducidos y susceptibles de ser introducidos). Ediciones Universidad de Concepción. Concepción, Chile, Volumen I, 1126 p. and Volumen 2, 943 p. Badejo, M.A, Tian, G. and Brussaard, L. 1995. Effects of various mulches on soil arthropods under a maize crop. Biology and Fertility of Soils 20(4): 294-298. Brown, M.W. and Adler, C.R.L. 1989. Community structure of phytophagous arthropods on apple. Environmental Entomology 18: 600-607. Brown, R.A., McMullin, L.C., Jackson, D., Ryan, J. and Coulson, J.M. 1990. Beneficial arthropod toxicity assessments with three insecticides in laboratory, semi-field and field studies. In: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases (1990), Volume 2, pp. 527-534. BCPC Publications, Farnham, UK. Candolfi, M.P., Brown K., Grimm C., Reber B. and Schmidli, H. 2004. A faunistic approach to assess potential side-effects of genetically modified Bt-corn on non-target arthropods under field conditions. Biocontrol Science and Technology 14: 129–170. Chase, A.R., Osborne, L.S. and Ferguson, V.M. 1986. Selective isolation of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae from an artificial potting medium. Florida Entomologist 69(2): 285-292. CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a Textbook for Students and Research Workers. 2nd Edition, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Australia, 1029 p. 88
Page 1 and 2:
UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
Page 3 and 4:
DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
Page 5 and 6:
ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
Page 7 and 8:
4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE
Page 9 and 10:
CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
Page 11 and 12:
CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 15 and 16:
ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
Page 17 and 18:
Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
Page 19 and 20:
preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
Page 21 and 22:
niveles tróficos completos o grand
Page 23 and 24:
Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
Page 25 and 26:
El control de esta especie se reali
Page 27 and 28:
con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
Page 29 and 30:
4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
Page 31 and 32:
1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
Page 33 and 34:
sample, showing the potential use o
Page 35 and 36:
and put it in a phylogeographical p
Page 37 and 38:
centrifugation and supernatant was
Page 39 and 40:
(Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
Page 41 and 42:
All the putative populations showed
Page 43 and 44:
strongly influenced by insect host
Page 45 and 46:
supported a geographical sub-divisi
Page 47 and 48:
Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
Page 49 and 50:
Table 1. Environmental data for the
Page 51 and 52: B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
Page 53 and 54: B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
Page 61 and 62: Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
Page 67 and 68: CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
Page 69 and 70: Introduction. In last decades, mode
Page 71 and 72: a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
Page 73 and 74: aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
Page 75 and 76: explanation than no toxicity of the
Page 77 and 78: fields that are sprayed with pestic
Page 79 and 80: affected species, when present, whe
Page 81 and 82: Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
Page 83 and 84: Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
Page 85 and 86: ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
Page 87 and 88: Activity density (individuals per p
Page 89 and 90: NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
Page 91 and 92: same percentage of mortality on lar
Page 93 and 94: Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
Page 95 and 96: (Departamento de Producción y Sani
Page 97 and 98: Predators. Data set I. The principa
Page 99 and 100: predators extracted from soil cores
Page 101: particularly carabids. Most of the
Page 105 and 106: Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
Page 107 and 108: Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Significance of treatment
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3. Principal response curve
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5. Principal response curve
Page 117 and 118: RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
Page 119 and 120: Introduction. Declining diversity h
Page 121 and 122: Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
Page 123 and 124: Data collection. The abundance and
Page 125 and 126: N is the total number of individual
Page 127 and 128: catches), while dominant species re
Page 129 and 130: knowledge of South Chile grassland
Page 131 and 132: Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
Page 133 and 134: invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 141 and 142: genética coincide con la zona de m
Page 143 and 144: Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
Page 145 and 146: depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
Page 147 and 148: Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
Page 149 and 150: La conservación de los herbívoros
Page 151 and 152: Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
Page 153 and 154:
En esta línea de razonamiento, las
Page 155 and 156:
suceda en sistemas simples con poco
Page 157 and 158:
BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
Page 159 and 160:
isolated from the European cockchaf
Page 161 and 162:
Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
Page 163 and 164:
Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
Page 165 and 166:
Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
Page 167 and 168:
Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
Page 169 and 170:
Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
Page 171 and 172:
Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
Page 173 and 174:
Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177:
show all

Diversidad y control biológico de insectos - CyberTesis UACh ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?