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CAPÍTULO III. Table 1. Variance allocation of tested data sets. Significance of the PRCs is indicated in brackets (Montecarlo permutation tests, 999 permutations). 93 Table 2. Significance of treatment effects on predator guild from pitfall trapping according to Monte-Carlo permutation tests, 1999 permutations. 94 Table 3. Significance of treatment effects on predator guild from soil cores and non-target herbivore guild (post-treatment sampling date) according to Monte-Carlo permutation tests, 1999 permutations. 95 vii
CAPÍTULO I. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment phylogeny inferred for B. bassiana. Bootstrap values above nodes indicate support for branches (500 pseudorepliques). The whole figure was halved because its size and miniaturized (above, left) to show the overall pattern. 40 Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred from 97 B. bassiana isolates sampled in Chile. Number of isolates included in each haplotype is shown in brackets. Haplotype 21 corresponds to Magnaporthe rosea. 42 Figure 3. Median-joining network for B fragment haplotypes. The size of the circles is proportional to the frequency of the represented haplotype. Black dots represent the median vectors may be hypothetical missing or unsampled ancestral haplotypes. The haplotype corresponding to B931 isolate is rounded in red. 43 Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of B. bassiana from six sampled populations in Chile. Straight line represents the expected distribution assuming constant growth population model. Dash lines with diamonds represent the observed distribution of pairwise differences. 44 Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in the seven sampled populations of B. bassiana. Hap. 1 = red; hap. 2 = pale blue; hap. 3 = green; hap. 7 = blue; hap. 8 = pink; hap. 17 = yellow; and minor haplotypes = orange. 46 CAPÍTULO II. Figure 1. Environmental data for the sampling period (air mean temperature, top 1 cm soil mean temperature and rain). Pesticide spraying is indicating by black vertical arrow. Active periods of pitfall trap sampling are indicating by horizontal arrows. 71 Figure 2. Activity density of selected taxa before and 1, 30 and 60 days after spraying of Beauveria bassiana spores or lambda-cyhalothrin. Treatment means differing from control mean, according to Fisher’s LSD, are indicating by * (p
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULT
Page 3 and 4: DIVERSIDAD Y CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE
Page 5 and 6: ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN
Page 7 and 8: 4.- CAPÍTULO CUARTO: ANÁLISIS DE
Page 9: CAPÍTULO I. INDICE DE CUADROS Tabl
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5. Rarefaction curves for th
Page 15 and 16: ABSTRACT About 10% of Southern Chil
Page 17 and 18: Sin embargo, a pesar de esta percep
Page 19 and 20: preeminencia de esta idea ha sido e
Page 21 and 22: niveles tróficos completos o grand
Page 23 and 24: Se ha propuesto diversos enfoques p
Page 25 and 26: El control de esta especie se reali
Page 27 and 28: con la consiguiente pérdida o dism
Page 29 and 30: 4. Numerosos estudios se concentran
Page 31 and 32: 1.- CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: DIVERSIDAD G
Page 33 and 34: sample, showing the potential use o
Page 35 and 36: and put it in a phylogeographical p
Page 37 and 38: centrifugation and supernatant was
Page 39 and 40: (Schneider and Excoffier, 1999; Alt
Page 41 and 42: All the putative populations showed
Page 43 and 44: strongly influenced by insect host
Page 45 and 46: supported a geographical sub-divisi
Page 47 and 48: Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercrambe B
Page 49 and 50: Table 1. Environmental data for the
Page 51 and 52: B907 Poike 27º 06' 109º 21' Easte
Page 53 and 54: B606 Lago Icalma 38º 50' 71º 20'
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1. NJ tree of the B fragment
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2. Haplotype tree inferred f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4. Mismatch distributions of
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Figure 5. Haplotype diversity in th
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Table 6. Analyses of molecular vari
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Table 8. Pairwise differentiation e
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CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
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Introduction. In last decades, mode
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a dose of 10 12 spores per ha was s
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aerea were very low at 1 and 30 day
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explanation than no toxicity of the
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fields that are sprayed with pestic
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affected species, when present, whe
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Kiss, B., Samu, F., 2000. Evaluatio
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Wilby, A., Villareal, S., Lan, L.,
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ARANEAE Gnaphosidae 253 54 % Lycosi
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Activity density (individuals per p
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NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF Dalaca pallen
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same percentage of mortality on lar
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Treatments were applied on 15 Octob
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(Departamento de Producción y Sani
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Predators. Data set I. The principa
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predators extracted from soil cores
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particularly carabids. Most of the
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the consistent results allow us to
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Kenmore, P.E., Cariño, F., Perez,
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Traugott, M., Strasser, H. and Prie
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Table 2. Significance of treatment
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Figure 1. Persistence of B. bassian
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Figure 3. Principal response curve
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Figure 5. Principal response curve
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RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND SOIL ARTHROPO
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Introduction. Declining diversity h
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Fungus. Beauveria bassiana strain Q
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Data collection. The abundance and
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N is the total number of individual
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catches), while dominant species re
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knowledge of South Chile grassland
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Dennis, P., 2003. Sensitivity of up
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invertebrates. In: IFOAM 2000 The W
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Figure 2. Estimated numbers Beauver
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Figure 4. Effects of B. bassiana an
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Figure 6. Rarefaction curves for th
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genética coincide con la zona de m
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Crosonychus viridis, Trechisibus an
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depredadores de lepidópteros, en l
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Respuesta a nivel de grupos funcion
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La conservación de los herbívoros
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Se ha propuesto que esta hipotétic
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En esta línea de razonamiento, las
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suceda en sistemas simples con poco
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BIBLIOGRAFIA Alarcón R. 1997. Resp
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isolated from the European cockchaf
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Hardin MR, Benrey, M Coll, WO Lamp,
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Lockwood JA, 1993. Environmental is
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Pimentel D, C Glenister, S Fast y D
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Swift MJ, J Vandermeer, PS Ramakris
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Zelada SH, 1998. Rol de la franja d
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Anexo 1. Índices de severidad de l
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Anexo 3. Capturas provenientes de l
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