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Actividad inmunomoduladora del extracto de metanol de la cabeza ...

Actividad inmunomoduladora del extracto de metanol de la cabeza ...

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ACTIVIDAD INMUNOMODULADORA DEL EXTRACTO DE METANOL DE LA CABEZA FLORAL...<br />

evi<strong>de</strong>nte a <strong>la</strong>s 24-72 horas. Las célu<strong>la</strong>s T son<br />

necesarias para iniciar <strong>la</strong> reacción 13, 14 .<br />

El aumento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> respuesta DTH indica que<br />

el fármaco produce un efecto estimu<strong>la</strong>dor sobre<br />

los linfocitos y los tipos <strong>de</strong> célu<strong>la</strong>s necesarias<br />

para <strong>la</strong> expresión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> reacción. La respuesta<br />

DTH, que es el corre<strong>la</strong>to directo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> inmunidad<br />

celu<strong>la</strong>r, aumentó significativamente en comparación<br />

con el grupo <strong>de</strong> control no tratado 15 .<br />

El aumento estadísticamente significativo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

título <strong>de</strong> anticuerpos humorales, <strong>la</strong> respuesta DTH<br />

y <strong>la</strong> actividad fagocítica <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fracción <strong>de</strong> éter <strong>de</strong><br />

petróleo y <strong>la</strong> fracción <strong>de</strong> <strong>metanol</strong> sobrante sugirió<br />

que los principios activos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s <strong>cabeza</strong>s florales,<br />

responsables <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> estimu<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> respuesta<br />

<strong>de</strong> anticuerpos, <strong>la</strong> respuesta celu<strong>la</strong>r y <strong>la</strong><br />

función fagocítica, se pue<strong>de</strong>n extraer con disolventes<br />

po<strong>la</strong>res y no po<strong>la</strong>res.<br />

En el caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mielosupresión inducida por<br />

ciclofosfamida, <strong>la</strong> fracción <strong>de</strong> <strong>metanol</strong> sobrante<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>extracto</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>metanol</strong> consiguió <strong>de</strong>volver el<br />

nivel <strong>de</strong> leucocitos a su nivel normal, mientras<br />

que el resto <strong>de</strong> fracciones no dieron resultado, lo<br />

que sugirió que los componentes po<strong>la</strong>res son los<br />

responsables <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> protección frente a <strong>la</strong> mielosupresión<br />

por ciclofosfamida. El efecto protector<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fracción <strong>de</strong> <strong>metanol</strong> sobrante <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>extracto</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>metanol</strong> frente a <strong>la</strong> mielosupresión<br />

inducida por ciclofosfamida es comparable a los<br />

efectos obtenidos con Asparagus racemosus 16 y<br />

W. somnifera 17 .<br />

Ciertos fitoconstituyentes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta ya se<br />

han ais<strong>la</strong>do; tres nuevos eu<strong>de</strong>smanólidos junto<br />

con dos sesquiterpenio<strong>de</strong>s, criptomeridiol y 4epi-criptomeridiol<br />

18 , tres nuevas hidroxi<strong>la</strong>ctonas<br />

estrechamente re<strong>la</strong>cionadas se han ais<strong>la</strong>do <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

<strong>extracto</strong> <strong>de</strong> cloroformo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s <strong>cabeza</strong>s florales <strong>de</strong><br />

S.indicus 19 . Ais<strong>la</strong>miento <strong>de</strong> los alcaloi<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

flores 20 y ais<strong>la</strong>miento <strong>de</strong> 7-hidroxi-3’, 4’.5, 6tetrametoxif<strong>la</strong>vona<br />

7-O-β-D-(1→4)-diglucósido:<br />

También se i<strong>de</strong>ntificó un nuevo glicósido <strong>de</strong> f<strong>la</strong>vonol<br />

en el pecíolo <strong>de</strong> S.indicus 21 . Un principio<br />

antimicrobiano ais<strong>la</strong>do <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>extracto</strong> <strong>de</strong> éter <strong>de</strong><br />

petróleo se i<strong>de</strong>ntificó como <strong>la</strong>ctona sesquiterpénica<br />

bicíclica 22 . Un glicósido sesquiterpénico<br />

ais<strong>la</strong>do <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>extracto</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>metanol</strong> <strong>de</strong> S.indicus fue<br />

el responsable <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> aumento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong><br />

anticuerpos 23 .<br />

Las <strong>la</strong>ctonas sesquiterpénicas son importantes<br />

fitoconstituyentes <strong>de</strong> probada eficacia con<br />

variadas activida<strong>de</strong>s farmacológicas como, por<br />

ejemplo, activida<strong>de</strong>s antibacterianas (especialmente<br />

289<br />

po<strong>la</strong>r solvents.<br />

In the case of cyclophosphami<strong>de</strong> induced<br />

myelosuppression, remaining methanol fraction<br />

of methanol extract was able to bring back the<br />

levels of WBC to the normal while other fractions<br />

were ineffective suggesting that po<strong>la</strong>r components<br />

responsible for protection against cyclophosphami<strong>de</strong><br />

myelosuppression. The protective<br />

effect of remaining methanol fraction of methanol<br />

extract against myelosuppression induced by<br />

cyclophosphami<strong>de</strong> is comparable with those obtained<br />

for Asparagus racemosus 16 and W. somnifera<br />

17 .<br />

A few phytoconstituents from the p<strong>la</strong>nt have<br />

already been iso<strong>la</strong>ted; three new eu<strong>de</strong>smanoli<strong>de</strong>s<br />

along with two sesquiterpenoids, cryptomeridiol<br />

and 4-epicryptomeridiol 18 , three closely re<strong>la</strong>ted<br />

new hydroxy <strong>la</strong>ctone have been iso<strong>la</strong>ted from<br />

chloroform extract of flower heads S.indicus 19 .<br />

Iso<strong>la</strong>tion of alkaloids from flowers 20 and iso<strong>la</strong>tion<br />

of 7-hydroxy-3’, 4’.5, 6-tetramethoxy-f<strong>la</strong>vone<br />

7-O-β-D-(1→4)-diglucosi<strong>de</strong>: a new f<strong>la</strong>vone<br />

glycosi<strong>de</strong> from the stem of S.indicus 21 also<br />

reported. An antimicrobial principle iso<strong>la</strong>ted from<br />

petrol ether extract was i<strong>de</strong>ntified as bicyclic<br />

sesquiterpene <strong>la</strong>ctone 22 . One Sesquiterpene glycosi<strong>de</strong><br />

iso<strong>la</strong>ted from methanol extract of S.indicus<br />

was responsible for increased antibody production<br />

23 .<br />

Sesquiterpene <strong>la</strong>ctones are proven as important<br />

phytoconstituents with different pharmacological<br />

activities such as antibacterial (especially<br />

against gram positive bacteria), antifungal and<br />

anthelmentic activity. Some act as anti-parasitic<br />

agent- artemisinin an antima<strong>la</strong>rial of proven efficacy<br />

in humans 24 . Recently three new Sesquiterpene<br />

glycosi<strong>de</strong>s iso<strong>la</strong>ted from Dendrobium nobile<br />

were reported for their immunomodu<strong>la</strong>tory<br />

potential 25 . During the present study Sesquiterpene<br />

<strong>la</strong>ctones were found in non-po<strong>la</strong>r fractions<br />

while remaining methanol fraction was <strong>de</strong>void<br />

of these constituents. The activity of petroleum<br />

ether, benzene and chloroform fractions may<br />

therefore be attributed to the presence of such<br />

non-po<strong>la</strong>r type of compounds. However, protection<br />

against cyclophosphami<strong>de</strong> myelosuppression<br />

was observed by only remaining methanol fraction,<br />

suggests the content of constituents other<br />

than sesquiterpenoids which were also responsible<br />

for increased humoral and cellu<strong>la</strong>r response.<br />

The present investigation therefore reveals that<br />

flower heads of S.indicus certainly possess im-<br />

Ars Pharmaceutica, 45:3; 281-291, 2004

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