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Monumento al ultimo caballo - The Chinati Foundation

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11. DONALD JUDD, UNTITLED (OUTDOOR CONCRETE RING MADE FOR PHILIP JOHNSON), 1971.<br />

gerated qu<strong>al</strong>ities of an Oldenburg<br />

object, have <strong>al</strong>ready beaten the<br />

odds against the chances that their<br />

particular configurations would ever<br />

be actu<strong>al</strong>ized. Art can be made<br />

from very little, so long as the little<br />

things acquire a forceful, “interesting”<br />

existence. 40 Thinking of Oldenburg’s<br />

Floor Burger (1962, ill. 9),<br />

Judd remarks: “Three fat layers with<br />

a sm<strong>al</strong>l one on top are enough.” 41<br />

Much more could be said concerning<br />

Judd’s way of linking a writing<br />

style to an art style. Catachresis and<br />

syllepsis are not the ultimate keys to<br />

the puzzle but provide a pragmatic<br />

way of de<strong>al</strong>ing with it. <strong>The</strong>re are<br />

many other ways. I think Judd especi<strong>al</strong>ly<br />

appreciated that Oldenburg’s<br />

Bedroom Ensemble and a number of<br />

related works demonstrated the<br />

potenti<strong>al</strong> of perspective to be at<br />

once the most specific of sensory<br />

phenomena and the most gener<strong>al</strong>izing<br />

of perceived concepts. This happens<br />

to be the way he thought of<br />

proportion—that it could be at one<br />

and the same time the most particular<br />

and the most gener<strong>al</strong> relationship<br />

that a work might exhibit. <strong>The</strong> ratios<br />

were gener<strong>al</strong>, but what an artist did<br />

with them was specific. If, in Oldenburg’s<br />

Floor Burger, it was enough<br />

to have three big things and a little<br />

thing, Judd himself could work endlessly<br />

with the complexities of 1 to 1,<br />

or 1 to 2, or 1 to 3, maintaining a<br />

sense of gener<strong>al</strong>ity that would lead<br />

right back to the specificity of the<br />

particular work (see Untitled, 1987,<br />

ill. 10). His boxes, both early and late,<br />

demonstrate that whatever theory of<br />

proportion might be considered and<br />

llock o las cu<strong>al</strong>idades exageradas de<br />

un objeto de Oldenburg, han vencido<br />

ya las probabilidades en contra de que<br />

sus configuraciones específicas jamás<br />

se re<strong>al</strong>izaran. El arte puede hacerse<br />

con muy poco, con t<strong>al</strong> de que las cosas<br />

pequeñas adquieran una existencia<br />

potente e “interesante”. 40 Pensando en<br />

la Hamburguesa para piso de Oldenburg<br />

(1962, fig. 9), Judd expresa: “Tres<br />

capas gruesas con otra delgada encima<br />

son suficientes.” 41<br />

Se podría decir mucho más acerca de la<br />

manera como Judd vincula un estilo de<br />

escribir a un estilo de arte. La catacresis<br />

y la silepsis no son la clave única de<br />

este rompecabezas, pero aportan una<br />

manera pragmática de acercarnos <strong>al</strong><br />

problema. Hay otras muchas maneras.<br />

Creo que Judd apreciaba sobre todo el<br />

however simple it might be, actu<strong>al</strong><br />

practice brings surprises.<br />

Judd’s art, like Oldenburg’s, faces<br />

the fact that we acknowledge gener<strong>al</strong><br />

conditions at hand (soci<strong>al</strong>, cultur<strong>al</strong>,<br />

emotion<strong>al</strong>, materi<strong>al</strong>) while actively<br />

creating something specific from<br />

their situation. We need to keep the<br />

two re<strong>al</strong>ms separate and equ<strong>al</strong>, understanding<br />

that neither the tot<strong>al</strong>ity<br />

nor the detail eliminates its counterpart.<br />

We must resist becoming ideologues<br />

(tot<strong>al</strong>izers), yet we need to<br />

see the whole. Works of art are<br />

modes of integration—integration<br />

without subordination of the parts.<br />

Early in 1993, just about a year before<br />

he died, Judd wrote of space in<br />

a way that par<strong>al</strong>lels his sense of<br />

emotion and perspective in Olden-<br />

hecho de que Conjunto para recámara burg: “<strong>The</strong>re is no neutr<strong>al</strong> space,<br />

y una serie de otras obras de Olden- since space is made.…My sm<strong>al</strong>lest,<br />

burg demostraban el potenci<strong>al</strong> de la simplest work creates space around<br />

perspectiva como el más específico de it, since there is so much space with-<br />

los fenómenos sensori<strong>al</strong>es y el más gein.…Space is new in art and is still<br />

ner<strong>al</strong>izador de los conceptos percibi- not a concern of more than a few<br />

dos. Da la casu<strong>al</strong>idad de que ésta es la artists.…<strong>The</strong>re is no vocabulary for<br />

manera como Judd pensaba en la pro- [its] discussion.”<br />

porción—que podía ser a la vez la relación<br />

más particular y más gener<strong>al</strong>izadora<br />

que una obra pudiera exhibir. Las<br />

proporciones eran gener<strong>al</strong>es, pero lo<br />

que un artista hacía con ellas era específico.<br />

Si en la Hamburguesa para piso<br />

era suficiente tener tres cosas grandes<br />

y una cosa pequeña, Judd mismo podía<br />

laborar incesantemente con las complejidades<br />

de 1 a 1, ó 1 a 2, ó 1 a 3,<br />

conservando un sentido de gener<strong>al</strong>idad<br />

que conduciría de nuevo a la especifidad<br />

de la obra particular (ver Sin título,<br />

1987, fig. 10). Sus cajas, tanto las<br />

primeras como las que hizo posterior-<br />

42<br />

42 When no vocabulary<br />

exists, rhetoric resorts to syllepsis<br />

and catachresis, which create a<br />

vocabulary outside the usu<strong>al</strong> poetry<br />

as well as outside the usu<strong>al</strong> logic.<br />

Did Judd have a rhetoric of threedimension<strong>al</strong><br />

form? Sylleptic<strong>al</strong>ly, he<br />

combined what was given at hand<br />

with what he chose to do, making<br />

strangely integrated structures that<br />

move beyond familiar logics of<br />

form. His large, site-specific concrete<br />

ring of 1971 is a striking example<br />

(ill. 11). While the top edge of its<br />

inner surface remains level, the top<br />

edge of its outer surface par<strong>al</strong>lels<br />

mente, demuestran que, sea la que sea<br />

la teoría de la proporción y por muy<br />

sencilla que pudiera ser, en la práctica<br />

surgen sorpresas.<br />

El arte de Judd, como el de Oldenburg,<br />

admite el hecho de que reconocemos las<br />

condiciones gener<strong>al</strong>es imperantes (soci<strong>al</strong>es,<br />

cultur<strong>al</strong>es, emotivas, materi<strong>al</strong>es)<br />

<strong>al</strong> tiempo que creamos <strong>al</strong>go específico a<br />

partir de la situación de éstas. Debemos<br />

mantener separados e igu<strong>al</strong>es estos dos<br />

compartimientos y comprender que ni la<br />

tot<strong>al</strong>idad ni el det<strong>al</strong>le eliminan el uno a<br />

la otra. Debemos resistirnos a la tentación<br />

de convertirnos en ideólogos (tot<strong>al</strong>izantes),<br />

pero debemos percibir el todo.<br />

Las obras de arte son modos de integración—integración<br />

sin subordinación de<br />

las partes.<br />

A principios de 1993, aproximadamen-<br />

te un año antes de que f<strong>al</strong>leciera, Judd<br />

escribió del of espacio de una manera<br />

que par<strong>al</strong>ela su sentido de la emoción y<br />

la perspectiva en Oldenburg: “No hay<br />

espacio neutr<strong>al</strong>, ya que el espacio está<br />

hecho.…Mi obra más pequeña y más<br />

sencilla crea espacio <strong>al</strong>rededor de ella,<br />

puesto que hay tanto espacio dentro de<br />

ella.…El espacio es nuevo en el arte y<br />

preocupa a muy pocos artistas.…No<br />

existe el vocabulario para discutirlo.” 42<br />

Cuando no existe el vocabulario, la retórica<br />

recurre a la silepsis y la catacresis,<br />

que crean un vocabulario fuera de la<br />

poesía usu<strong>al</strong> y fuera de la lógica usu<strong>al</strong>.<br />

¿Manejó Judd una retórica de la forma<br />

tridimension<strong>al</strong>? Silépticamente, combinó<br />

lo que había a su <strong>al</strong>rededor con lo<br />

que optó por hacer, creando estructuras<br />

extrañamente integradas que van<br />

mucho más <strong>al</strong>lá de la lógica de la forma.<br />

Su gran anillo de concreto, hecho<br />

en 1971 específicamente para el sitio<br />

the ground, maintaining a height of<br />

four feet above that given feature of<br />

the land—an arbitrary measure, but<br />

c<strong>al</strong>culated <strong>al</strong>ong with the inner, constant<br />

edge to <strong>al</strong>low the interior<br />

space of the ring to be seen. All is<br />

exposed. <strong>The</strong> ring itself is eighteen<br />

inches thick and requires a complex<br />

bevel to accommodate the shifting<br />

difference between its inner and outer<br />

surfaces. Here a single object set<br />

in the land creates different spaces<br />

of different character, inside and<br />

outside its bounded surfaces. Given<br />

Judd’s understanding of Oldenburg’s<br />

art, it may be that the outer<br />

surface was his way of de<strong>al</strong>ing with<br />

representation<strong>al</strong> reference, for it blatantly<br />

mimics an aspect of the land,<br />

whereas the inner surface is just as<br />

forcefully abstract in its escape from<br />

reference. <strong>The</strong> most obvious feature<br />

of the ring is its existence as a single<br />

unit. In his boxes, Judd c<strong>al</strong>led the effect<br />

of red and black a “two color<br />

monochrome.” 43 I suppose that by<br />

an<strong>al</strong>ogy—would he have objected<br />

to this one?—his concrete ring could<br />

be c<strong>al</strong>led a bilater<strong>al</strong> unilater<strong>al</strong>. Its<br />

complexly canted surface gestures<br />

toward the given land and toward<br />

Judd the willful artist, accomplishing<br />

these very separate actions as one.<br />

NOTES<br />

1 See Richard Shiff, “Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd: Fast<br />

Thinking,” in Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd: Late Work<br />

(New York: PaceWildenstein, 2000), pp.<br />

4–23; “A Space of One to One,” in Don<strong>al</strong>d<br />

Judd: 50 x 100 x 50, 100 x 100 x 50<br />

(New York: PaceWildenstein, 2002), pp.<br />

5–23; “Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd, Safe From Birds,” in<br />

Nicholas Serota, ed., Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd (London:<br />

Tate Publishing, 2004): pp. 28–61.<br />

In consultation with translator Jürgen Blasius,<br />

I slightly expanded my remarks on<br />

the Judd/Oldenburg issue for the German<br />

edition of “Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd: Safe from Birds.”<br />

<strong>The</strong> present essay derives from my contribution<br />

to a symposium on Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd as<br />

a writer, Tate Modern, London, 28 February<br />

2004. I thank Marianne Stockebrand,<br />

David Raskin, and James Lawrence for essenti<strong>al</strong><br />

aid in researching this topic.<br />

2 Clement Greenberg, “Complaints of an<br />

Art Critic” (1967), in John O’Brian, ed.,<br />

Clement Greenberg: <strong>The</strong> Collected Essays<br />

and Criticism, 4 vols. (Chicago: University<br />

of Chicago Press, 1986-93), 4:269.<br />

3 Judd, “Some Aspects of Color in Gener<strong>al</strong><br />

and Red and Black in Particular” (1993),<br />

in Serota, 151.<br />

4 Claes Oldenburg, statement in Jan McDevitt,<br />

“<strong>The</strong> Object: Still Life,” Craft Horizons<br />

25 (September 1965): 31.<br />

donde se exhibe, es un magnífico ejemplo<br />

[figura 11]. Mientras el borde superior<br />

de su superficie interior permanece<br />

a ras, el borde superior de su superficie<br />

exterior corre par<strong>al</strong>elo con el suelo, a<br />

una <strong>al</strong>tura constante de cuatro pies sobre<br />

la tierra—una medida arbitraria,<br />

pero c<strong>al</strong>culada junto con el borde interior,<br />

constante, para permitir que se<br />

vea el espacio interior del anillo. Todo<br />

está expuesto. El anillo mismo mide 18<br />

pulgadas de grueso y requiere un bisel<br />

complejo para acomodar la diferencia<br />

cambiante entre sus superficies interior<br />

y exterior. Aquí, un solo objeto colocado<br />

en la tierra crea diferentes espacios<br />

de carácter distinto, dentro y fuera de<br />

sus superficies demarcadas. Dado que<br />

Judd comprendía el arte de Oldenburg,<br />

pudiera ser que la superficie exterior<br />

fuera el mecanismo utilizado por Judd<br />

<strong>al</strong> tratar con la referencia representacion<strong>al</strong>,<br />

porque imita de manera muy<br />

obvia un aspecto de la tierra, mientras<br />

que la superficie interior es igu<strong>al</strong>mente<br />

abstracta en su f<strong>al</strong>ta de referencia. El<br />

aspecto más obvio del anillo es su existencia<br />

como unidad singular. En sus cajas,<br />

Judd llamó el efecto del rojo y negro<br />

una “monocromía de dos<br />

colores.” 43 Supongo que por an<strong>al</strong>ogía–¿le<br />

habría disgustado ésta?–su<br />

anillo de concreto podría llamarse un<br />

unilater<strong>al</strong> bilater<strong>al</strong>. Su compleja superficie<br />

biselada gesticula hacia la tierra<br />

dada y hacia Judd, el artista voluntarioso,<br />

logrando estas muy diferentes<br />

acciones como si fueran una sola.<br />

NOTAS<br />

5 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Claes Oldenburg”<br />

(1964), Complete Writings 1959–1975<br />

(H<strong>al</strong>ifax: Nova Scotia College of Art and<br />

Design, 1975), p. 133. (Hereafter, CW.)<br />

6 Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd, interview by Lucy R. Lippard,<br />

New York, 10 April 1968, Lucy R.<br />

Lippard Papers, Archives of American Art.<br />

7 Judd, “Reviews and Previews: Yayoi<br />

Kusama” (1959), CW, p. 2.<br />

8 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Josef Albers”<br />

(1959), CW, p. 6.<br />

9 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Helen Frankenth<strong>al</strong>er”<br />

(1960), CW, p. 13 (punctuation <strong>al</strong>tered<br />

for clarity).<br />

10 Judd, “Jackson Pollock,” CW, p. 195;<br />

Judd, “Art and Architecture” (1983), “Abstract<br />

Expressionism” (1983), Complete<br />

Writings 1975–1986 (Eindhoven: Van<br />

Abbemuseum, 1987), pp. 34, 45.<br />

11 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Lee Bontecou”<br />

(1963), “Lee Bontecou” (1965), CW, pp.<br />

65, 178.<br />

12 Judd, “Specific Objects” (1964–65), CW,<br />

188 (punctuation <strong>al</strong>tered for clarity). Judd<br />

associated Bontecou’s “constructions” with<br />

“contoured volcanoes” in “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries:<br />

Lee Bontecou” (1960), CW, p. 27.<br />

13 Judd, “Lee Bontecou,” CW, p. 179.<br />

14 Judd, “Barnett Newman” (1964–70), CW,<br />

p. 202.<br />

15 Ibid.<br />

16 Barnett Newman, “Remarks at the Fourth<br />

Annu<strong>al</strong> Woodstock Art Conference”<br />

(1952), in John O’Neill, ed., Barnett Newman:<br />

Selected Writings and Interviews<br />

(Berkeley: University of C<strong>al</strong>ifornia Press,<br />

1992), p. 245.<br />

17 Judd, “Jackson Pollock,” CW, p. 195. See<br />

<strong>al</strong>so Judd, “Abstract Expressionism,” Complete<br />

Writings 1975–1986, p. 40.<br />

18 Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd, edited transcript of “<strong>The</strong><br />

New Sculpture: A Symposium on Primary<br />

Structures,” Jewish Museum, New York, 2<br />

1 Ver Richard Shiff, “Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd: Fast Thin- May 1966, Barbara Rose Papers,<br />

king,” en Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd: Late Work (New York: Archives of American Art.<br />

PaceWildenstein, 2000), 4–23; “A Space of 19 Judd, interview by Lippard.<br />

One to One,” en Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd: 50 x 100 x 50, 20 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Claes Oldenburg”<br />

100 x 100 x 50 (New York: PaceWildenstein, (1964), “Claes Oldenburg” (1966), CW,<br />

2002), 5–23; “Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd, Safe From pp. 133, 191.<br />

Birds,” en Nicholas Serota, ed., Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd 21 Judd, “Statement” (from “Homage to the<br />

(London: Tate Publishing, 2004): 28–61. En Square,” 1967), CW, 193. As a further ex-<br />

consultación con el traductor Jürgen Blasius, ample of Judd’s imagining his way out of di-<br />

yo he ampliado mis observaciones sobre el chotomies, compare his reference to “anoth-<br />

tema Judd/Oldenburg para la edición <strong>al</strong>eer kind of painting, far from the easel, [and<br />

mana de “Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd: Safe from Birds.” <strong>al</strong>so] far from beyond the easel” (Judd,<br />

El presente ensayo se deriva de mi colabora- “Some Aspects of Color in Gener<strong>al</strong> and Red<br />

ción para un simposio sobre Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd and Black in Particular,” in Serota, p. 157).<br />

como escritor celebrado en el Tate Modern, 22 Judd, “Statement” (from “Portfolio: 4<br />

en Londres el 28 de febrero de 2004. Mis Sculptors,” 1968), CW, p. 196.<br />

agradecimientos a Marianne Stockebrand, 23 Judd, interview by Lippard.<br />

David Raskin y James Lawrence por su ayuda 24 Judd, “Specific Objects,” CW, p. 189.<br />

esenci<strong>al</strong> en mis investigaciones sobre este te- 25 Judd, “Claes Oldenburg,” CW, p. 192.<br />

ma.<br />

26 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Claes Oldenburg,”<br />

2 Clement Greenberg, “Complaints of an Art CW, p. 133.<br />

Critic” (1967), en John O’Brian, ed., Clement 27 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Jasper Johns”<br />

Greenberg: <strong>The</strong> Collected Essays and Criti- (1960), CW, p. 14.<br />

cism, 4 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago 28 Max Kozloff, “New York Letter,” Art Inter-<br />

Press, 1986-93), 4:269.<br />

nation<strong>al</strong> 6 (25 September 1962): p. 35.<br />

43<br />

3 Judd, “Some Aspects of Color in Gener<strong>al</strong> and Red<br />

and Black in Particular” (1993), en Serota, 151.<br />

4 Claes Oldenburg, citado en Jan McDevitt,<br />

“<strong>The</strong> Object: Still Life,” Craft Horizons 25<br />

(September 1965): 31.<br />

5 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Claes Oldenburg”<br />

(1964), Complete Writings 1959–1975 (H<strong>al</strong>ifax:<br />

Nova Scotia College of Art and Design,<br />

1975), 133. (CW)<br />

6 Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd, entrevista con Lucy R. Lippard,<br />

New York, 10 April 1968, Lucy R. Lippard Papers,<br />

Archives of American Art.<br />

7 Judd, “Reviews and Previews: Yayoi Kusama”<br />

(1959), CW, 2.<br />

8 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Josef Albers” (1959),<br />

CW, 6.<br />

9 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Helen Frankenth<strong>al</strong>er”<br />

(1960), CW, 13 (puntuación modificada para<br />

mayor claridad).<br />

10 Judd, “Jackson Pollock,” CW, 195; Judd,<br />

“Art and Architecture” (1983), “Abstract Expressionism”<br />

(1983), Complete Writings<br />

1975–1986 (Eindhoven: Van Abbemuseum,<br />

1987), 34, 45.<br />

11 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Lee Bontecou”<br />

(1963), “Lee Bontecou” (1965), CW, 65, 178.<br />

12 Judd, “Specific Objects” (1964–65), CW, 188<br />

(puntuación modificada para mayor claridad).<br />

Judd asociaba las “construcciones” de<br />

Bontecoucon“volcanesconcontornos”en“In<br />

the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Lee Bontecou” (1960), CW, 27.<br />

13 Judd, “Lee Bontecou,” CW, 179.<br />

14 Judd, “Barnett Newman” (1964–70), CW, 202.<br />

15 Ibid.<br />

16 Barnett Newman, “Remarks at the Fourth Annu<strong>al</strong><br />

Woodstock Art Conference” (1952), en<br />

John O’Neill, ed., Barnett Newman: Selected<br />

Writings and Interviews (Berkeley: University<br />

of C<strong>al</strong>ifornia Press, 1992), 245.<br />

17 Judd, “Jackson Pollock,” CW, 195. Ver también<br />

Judd, “Abstract Expressionism,” Complete<br />

Writings 1975–1986, 40.<br />

18 Don<strong>al</strong>d Judd, transcripción editada de “<strong>The</strong><br />

New Sculpture: A Symposium on Primary<br />

Structures,” Jewish Museum, New York, 2<br />

May 1966, Barbara Rose Papers, Archives of<br />

American Art.<br />

19 Judd, entrevista con Lippard.<br />

20 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Claes Oldenburg” (1964),<br />

“Claes Oldenburg” (1966), CW, 133, 191.<br />

21 Judd, “Statement” (de “Homage to the Square,”<br />

1967), CW, 193. Como otro ejemplo de<br />

la manera como Judd usaba la imaginación<br />

para eludir las dicotomías, compárese su<br />

<strong>al</strong>usión a “otro tipo de pintura, lejos de la de<br />

cab<strong>al</strong>lete [y también] lejos de más <strong>al</strong>lá del cab<strong>al</strong>lete”<br />

(Judd, “Some Aspects of Color in Gener<strong>al</strong><br />

and Red and Black in Particular,” en Serota,<br />

157).<br />

22 Judd, “Statement” (de “Portfolio: 4 Sculptors,”<br />

1968), CW, 196.<br />

23 Judd, entrevista con Lippard.<br />

24 Judd, “Specific Objects,” CW, 189.<br />

25 Judd, “Claes Oldenburg,” CW, 192.<br />

26 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Claes Oldenburg,”<br />

CW, 133.<br />

27 Judd, “In the G<strong>al</strong>leries: Jasper Johns” (1960),<br />

CW, 14.

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