Corpus Bilingüe Tomo I Vol. 1 - Archivo Abierto Institucional de la ...
Corpus Bilingüe Tomo I Vol. 1 - Archivo Abierto Institucional de la ... Corpus Bilingüe Tomo I Vol. 1 - Archivo Abierto Institucional de la ...
LUIS GRAU manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought, to reform the old or establish a new government; the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression, is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. 5. That the right in the people to participate in the legislature is the best security of liberty, and the foundation of all free government; for this purpose elections ought to be free and frequent, and every man, having property in, a common interest with, and attachment 5 to, the community, ought to have a right of suffrage. 6. That the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government, ought to be for ever separate and distinct from each other. 7. That no power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, unless by or derived from the legislature, ought to be exercised or allowed. 8. That freedom of speech, and debates, or proceedings, in the legislature, ought not to be impeached in any other court or judicature. 9. That a place for the meeting of the legislature ought to be fixed, the most convenient to the members thereof, and to the depository of public records, and the legislature ought not to be convened or held at any other place but from evident necessity. 10. That, for redress of grievances, and for amending, strengthening and preserving the laws, the legislature ought to be frequently convened. 11. That every man hath a right to petition the legislature for the redress of grievances, in a peaceable and orderly manner. 12. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen, 6 fee, or fees, ought to be set, rated or levied, under any pretence, without the 7 consent of the legislature. 13. That the levying taxes by the poll is grievous and oppressive, and ought to be abolished; that paupers ought not to be assessed for the support of government, but every other person in the state ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the support of government according to his actual worth in real or personal property within the state; yet fines, duties, or taxes, may properly and justly be imposed or laid with a political view for the good government and benefit of the community. 14. That sanguinary laws ought to be avoided, as far as is consistent with the safety of the state; and no law to inflict cruel and unusual pains and penalties ought to be made, in any case, or at any time hereafter. 15. That retrospective laws, punishing facts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are oppressive, unjust, and 5. En Poore y en Thorpe “an attachment”. 6. Falta “burthen” en Jackson, Poore y Thorpe. 7. Falta “the” en Jackson, Poore y Thorpe. 178
CONSTITUCIÓN DE MARYLAND 1776 y [cuando] todos los otros medios de reparación sean inútiles, el pueblo puede, y en derecho debe, reformar el antiguo gobierno o establecer uno nuevo. La doctrina de no oposición contra el poder arbitrario y la opresión es absurda, servil y destructiva del bien y de la felicidad de la humanidad. 5. Que la mejor garantía de libertad y la base de todo gobierno libre es el derecho del pueblo a participar en el legislativo; con ese fin, las elecciones deberán ser libres y frecuentes, y todo hombre con propiedad, un interés en lo común y arraigo en la comunidad deberá tener derecho de sufragio. 6. Que los poderes del gobierno legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial deberán estar siempre separados y ser diferentes unos de otros. 7. Que no deberá ejercerse ni permitirse ningún poder para dejar en suspenso las leyes o su ejecución a menos que [dicho poder] se derive del legislativo. 8. Que la libertad de expresión o de debatir o procedimental en [la cámara] del legislativo no se debieran juzgar en ningún otro tribunal o judicatura. 9. Que el lugar de reunión del legislativo deberá ser fijo [y] el más idóneo para sus miembros y para el depósito de las actas públicas; y que el legislativo no deberá convocarse o reunirse en ningún otro lugar a menos que hubiera una necesidad evidente para ello. 10. Que el Legislativo deberá reunirse frecuentemente para la resolución de las reivindicaciones [del pueblo] y para modificar, reforzar y proteger las leyes. 11. Que, en una forma pacífica y ordenada, todo hombre tiene el derecho de petición al legislativo para la reivindicación de agravios. 12. Que por ninguna causa se deberá fijar, tasar o recaudar ninguna contribución, cargo, impuesto, carga, tasa o tasas sin el consentimiento del legislativo. 13. Que recaudar impuestos electorales es dañino y opresivo, y deberá abolirse; que los pobres no deberán ser gravados para sostener [el gasto] del gobierno; pero que todas las demás personas en el estado deberán contribuir, según su auténtica riqueza en propiedad real o personal en el estado, su parte de impuestos públicos para mantener al gobierno; sin embargo, se pueden imponer o distribuir adecuada y justamente multas, tasas o impuestos con una visión política, para el bien del gobierno y beneficio de la comunidad. 14. Que se deben evitar leyes sanguinarias, siempre que [esto] sea coherente con la seguridad del estado; y en ningún caso ni en el futuro se debe aprobar ley alguna que implique daños y castigos crueles e inusuales. 15. Que las leyes retroactivas, que castiguen hechos cometidos antes de la existencia de dichas leyes y los declaren delictivos únicamente en ellas, son opresivas, 179
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LUIS GRAU<br />
manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people<br />
may, and of right ought, to reform the old or establish a new government; the doctrine<br />
of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression, is absurd, s<strong>la</strong>vish,<br />
and <strong>de</strong>structive of the good and happiness of mankind.<br />
5. That the right in the people to participate in the legis<strong>la</strong>ture is the best security<br />
of liberty, and the foundation of all free government; for this purpose elections<br />
ought to be free and frequent, and every man, having property in, a common interest<br />
with, and attachment 5 to, the community, ought to have a right of suffrage.<br />
6. That the legis<strong>la</strong>tive, executive, and judicial powers of government, ought to<br />
be for ever separate and distinct from each other.<br />
7. That no power of suspending <strong>la</strong>ws, or the execution of <strong>la</strong>ws, unless by or<br />
<strong>de</strong>rived from the legis<strong>la</strong>ture, ought to be exercised or allowed.<br />
8. That freedom of speech, and <strong>de</strong>bates, or proceedings, in the legis<strong>la</strong>ture,<br />
ought not to be impeached in any other court or judicature.<br />
9. That a p<strong>la</strong>ce for the meeting of the legis<strong>la</strong>ture ought to be fixed, the most<br />
convenient to the members thereof, and to the <strong>de</strong>pository of public records, and<br />
the legis<strong>la</strong>ture ought not to be convened or held at any other p<strong>la</strong>ce but from evi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
necessity.<br />
10. That, for redress of grievances, and for amending, strengthening and preserving<br />
the <strong>la</strong>ws, the legis<strong>la</strong>ture ought to be frequently convened.<br />
11. That every man hath a right to petition the legis<strong>la</strong>ture for the redress of<br />
grievances, in a peaceable and or<strong>de</strong>rly manner.<br />
12. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen, 6 fee, or fees, ought to be set, rated or<br />
levied, un<strong>de</strong>r any pretence, without the 7 consent of the legis<strong>la</strong>ture.<br />
13. That the levying taxes by the poll is grievous and oppressive, and ought to<br />
be abolished; that paupers ought not to be assessed for the support of government,<br />
but every other person in the state ought to contribute his proportion of public<br />
taxes for the support of government according to his actual worth in real or personal<br />
property within the state; yet fines, duties, or taxes, may properly and justly<br />
be imposed or <strong>la</strong>id with a political view for the good government and benefit of<br />
the community.<br />
14. That sanguinary <strong>la</strong>ws ought to be avoi<strong>de</strong>d, as far as is consistent with the<br />
safety of the state; and no <strong>la</strong>w to inflict cruel and unusual pains and penalties<br />
ought to be ma<strong>de</strong>, in any case, or at any time hereafter.<br />
15. That retrospective <strong>la</strong>ws, punishing facts committed before the existence<br />
of such <strong>la</strong>ws, and by them only <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red criminal, are oppressive, unjust, and<br />
5. En Poore y en Thorpe “an attachment”.<br />
6. Falta “burthen” en Jackson, Poore y Thorpe.<br />
7. Falta “the” en Jackson, Poore y Thorpe.<br />
178