Sylvia Moosmüller minima around Xc.g 74 = 5 cm and Xc.g = 11 cm (1992: 36). For German, Hoole & Mooshammer (2002) describe the vowel /ê/ as a front vowel. Pouplier et al. (2004) do not present results on tongue-palate distances for /ë/, whilst for /ê/, tongue-palate distance difference of /E/ vs. /ê/ exceeds 1 mm. Although the greater tongue-palate distance for the front rounded vowels has an important acoustic function (Wood 1986), it is nevertheless not useful for discriminating the front rounded vowels from their unrounded cognates by tongue height, because the respective primary discriminatory features are [± round] and [± constricted] 75 . The feature [± high] can, therefore, be discarded. The feature [± front] is, however, useful for giving a rough classification of vowels with a constriction location approximately < 4 cm from the lower incisors, and for vowels with a constriction location approximately > 6 cm from the lower incisors. However, the feature [± front] is not able to discern the pre-palatal vowels and the mid-palatal vowels on the one hand, the lower pharyngeal vowels, the upper pharyngeal vowels, and the velar vowels on the other hand. This can be achieved by introducing three further features referring to constriction location: [± lower pharyngeal], [± velar], and [± pre-palatal]. [± lower pharyngeal] sets the velar and upper pharyngeal vowels apart from the lower pharyngeal vowels, and the [± pre-palatal] sets the pre-palatal and mid-palatal vowels apart. From an articulatory point of view, the following features can be set up for Standard Austrian German: • [±constricted] discerns /i, y, e, ë, o, u, A/ from /ç, Y, E, ê, O, ï, a/ • [±round] discerns /y, Y, ë, ê, o, O, u, ï/ from /i, ç, e, E, A, a/ • [±front] discerns /i, ç, y, Y, e, E, ë, ê/ from /u, ï, o, O, a, A/ • [±lower pharyngeal] discerns /A, a/ from /i, ç, y, Y, e, E, ë, ê, u, ï, o, O/ • [±velar] discerns /u, ï/ from /i, ç, y, Y, e, E, ë, ê, o, O, A, a/ • [±pre-palatal] discerns /i, ç, y, Y/ from /e, E, ë, ê, o, O, u, ï, A, a/ 74 Xc.g = constriction coordinate from the glottis. 75 [±constricted] is, of course, a tongue height parameter as well. However, this feature keeps vowel pairs apart. Tongue height, on the other hand, traditionally discerns the /a/ – vowels ([– high]), the /e, o/ – vowels ([+ high, – high]), and the /i, u/ – vowels ([+ high]). 84
85 Vowels in Standard Austrian German Table 4.11 presents the feature matrix of the vowels of Standard Austrian German assumed from the articulatory investigations so far: /i/ /ç/ /y/ /Y/ /e/ /E/ /ë/ /ê/ /A/ /a/ /o/ /O/ /u/ /ï/ constricted + – + – + – + – + – + – + – round – – + + – – + + – – + + + + front + + + + + + + + – – – – – – lower pharyngeal – – – – – – – – + + – – – – velar – – – – – – – – – – – – + + pre-palatal + + + + – – – – – – – – – – Table 4.11: Feature matrix of the vowels assumed for Standard Austrian German so far. 4.4. Acoustic analysis of the vowels of Standard Austrian German. It is well known that changes in the quality of a given vowel are dependent on the speaking task, the speech situation, or the prosodic position. This variation is consistent, planned, and, consequently, predictable to a high degree (see Chapter 5). Therefore, it makes no sense to test whether a given vowel maintains one and the same quality over diverse speaking tasks. It is, however, of relevance, whether, within a given speaking task, the speakers uphold the oppositions assumed in Chapter 4.3, or whether any neutralizations within a certain speaking task or a certain prosodic position (be it, e.g., either in a stressed position or in spontaneous speech) can be observed in the data. Such neutralizations, where they are consistent over all speakers, might point to a sound change in progress. One-tailed t-tests have been performed to test whether the assumed oppositions are preserved within each speaking task for a given vowel pair. Neutralization was defined in cases where a given vowel pair showed no statistically significant differences, or where it showed a significant difference that points, however, in the wrong direction, e.g. a higher F3 value for /ç/ as opposed to /i/. These latter cases are marked as bold and italic in the tables.
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