VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN - Acoustics ...

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Sylvia Moosmüller The speech material thus obtained was digitised at 22.050 Hz, 16 Bit with the workstation STx (http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at). 2.2. Measurements In total, approximately 11.000 vowels were analysed. The vowels were segmented manually. In the case of preceding voiceless segments, the first positive zero crossing or the end of aperiodicity was determined as the start of the vowel. The last full period similar to the preceding ones, or the start of aperiodicity was determined as the end of the vowel. Figure 2.1 gives an example for segmentation of a vowel in a fricative – plosive context. The cursors in the spectrogram window are positioned at the start and the end of the vowel. The waveform zoom window (left upper panel) at position 0 32 ensures the exact positioning at the first positive zero crossing, referring to the left cursor position. The segmentation served as a duration measurement as well. Formant frequency candidates were extracted by means of a Linear Prediction Coding (LPC) algorithm such as published by Markel & Gray (1976). At a sampling frequency of 22.050 Hz, a 46 ms long gliding Hanning window was applied with an overlap of 95%, using 26 coefficients and providing sufficient measurement points for fast formant transitions and short signal segments. Fundamental frequency measurements were performed by means of an autocorrelation method (SIFT: Simplified Inverse Filter Tracking), synchonized with the formant frequency analysis. 32 Not to be confused with the cursors (crosses) in the waveform zoom window, which are positioned to measure the duration of the period, with the values displayed in the left column at the bottom. 20
21 Vowels in Standard Austrian German Figure 2.1: Spectrogram of the item “siebe” (sieves: PL). Speaker sp127, sentence reading task. Bottom panel: fundamental frequency. Next panel from bottom: waveform window. Third panel from bottom: spectrogram window. Left upper panel: waveform zoom window. Right upper panel: amplitude spectrum window. Where preceding sonorant consonants (nasals and liquids) occur, segment borders were determined by simultaneous spectrogram, waveform and amplitude inspection. Vowel – liquid sequences were not analyzed, because, in the case of a subsequent lateral, the transition from vowel to the lateral is usually long and the change takes place monotonously; therefore, no meaningful segment border can be found. Additionally, speaker specific handling of the sequence would render inconsistent segmentation and, consequently, incomparable data. In the sequence /Vr/, the trill is vocalized under certain conditions (see Moosmüller 1991) in German, leading to a diphthongal movement. In the same way as in the sequence /Vl/, no meaningful segment border can be found. Moreover, in an unstressed position, this diphthong might be monophthongized. Figure 2.2 captures two items; the sequence “stern” from the item
Page 1 and 2: VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN
Page 3 and 4: Vowels in Standard Austrian German
Page 9 and 10: 1. Introduction: Setting the Theore
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Page 23 and 24: Hz 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 N
Page 27: � Speaker sp127: Student, male, 2
Page 59 and 60: 4. Vowel inventory and features 51
Page 69 and 70: Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
Page 73 and 74: Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
Page 77 and 78: Height 0 10 20 30 40 u i o ö ü e
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71 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germ
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Vowel category Variability Coeffici
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5.3. Processes vs. Coarticulation 1
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� F3 shows a high variability in
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c(xmin, xmax) 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.0
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6.2. Undershoot vs. Processes 179 V
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Hz 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 50
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Therefore, it can be observed that
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c(xmin, xmax) 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0
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Variability coefficient 40,000 35,0
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6.6.3.4. The vowel /E/ 215 Vowels i
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6.6.3.6. The vowel /u/ 217 Vowels i
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z-score 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,
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Appendix 269 Vowels in Standard Aus
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