VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN - Acoustics ...

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Sylvia Moosmüller Variability Coefficient 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0,000 sp012 sp126 sp127 sp082 sp129 sp180 all stressed 29,777 31,823 30,259 30,430 35,061 29,000 31,059 unstressed 19,153 21,135 19,991 18,846 23,262 20,938 20,554 Figure 6.12: Variability coefficient of F2 calculated for all vowels in stressed and unstressed positions, broken for speakers, spontaneous speech. Legend: sp = speaker. The pattern is the same in the sentence reading task. However, in stressed positions, the calculated variability coefficient is higher than in spontaneous speech (35.66 vs. 31.06 respectively, p = 0.01), whereas in unstressed positions, no differences occur between the two speaking tasks (20.49 in the sentence reading task and 20.55 in spontaneous speech, p = 0.49). These findings are not surprising, and corroborate the assumption already put forward in Dressler (1979: 268) that more variability is to be expected in stressed positions. 6.6.3. Secondary stress From the analysis presented in 6.6.2, it becomes evident that in Standard Austrian German, unstressed vowels are differentiated from stressed vowels by a change in vowel quality 137 . These results suggest that the particular stress assigned to a given 137 But not in vowel category! Similar results for Standard German have been obtained by Dogil & Williams (1999) and Kleber & Klipphahn (2006). 208
209 Vowels in Standard Austrian German syllable/vowel determines the ultimate shape of that vowel to a high degree. In German word formation, up to four stress levels can be distinguished (Wurzel 1980) 138 ). However, whereas in Standard German the main acoustic correlates for primary stress are duration (Goldbeck & Sendlmeier 1988, Jessen et al. 1995, Mengel 1997, Dogil & Williams 1999) and spectral tilt (especially skewness, Claßen et al. 1998), acoustic correlates of secondary stress could not be proved 139 (Mengel 2000, Kleber & Klipphahn 2006 140 ). It has therefore been suggested that secondary stress is solely a perceptual phenomenon (Mengel 2000), with the listener expecting a secondary stress at time intervals of approximately 300 ms (Schreuder 2006). However, since vowels change their shape due to stress, secondary stress might also be indicated by a specific vowel quality which differs from both primary-stress vowels and unstressed vowels. It can be assumed that secondary-stress vowels stand between primary stressed vowels and unstressed vowels, differing in the degree of lip opening, the degree of constriction, the length of constriction, and the degree of lip protrusion. This hypothesis has been tested on words bearing secondary stress, for example “Aussaat” (sowing) or “Finanzminister” (finance minister), in both speaking tasks. For each speaker, one-tailed t-tests have been performed. Only those vowels were analysed for which enough items could be observed to make a statistical analysis meaningful. 138 See Zonneveld et al. (1999) for word stress assignment in German (subchapter by Jessen) and Doleschal (1988) for a discussion of stress assignment in German compounds. 139 Jessen (1993) deduces a secondary stress from the fact that the “tense – lax” opposition is preserved to a higher degree in pre-stress 2 (i.e. two positions before primary stress) positions as compared to the pre-stress 1 (one position before primary stress) positions, but to a lower degree in pre-stress 2 positions as compared to stressed positions. This approach rests on a different problem formulation (do “tense” and “lax” vowels neutralize under certain stress conditions?) and can therefore be compared neither with Kleber & Klipphahn (2006) nor with the current investigation. 140 For secondary stress, Kleber & Klipphahn (2006) only analysed syllables in pre-stress 2 positions, as for example in: “Mediziner” (physician, the analysed pre-stress 2 vowel is underlined), whereas in the current investigation, secondary stresses resulting from composition, for example in “’Neben,fach” (minor field of study), or from stress preservation in morphologically complex words, for example in “’aufge,wachsen” (grow up: PP), were analysed.
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VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN
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Vowels in Standard Austrian German
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1. Introduction: Setting the Theore
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3 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germa
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Hz 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 N
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� Speaker sp127: Student, male, 2
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4. Vowel inventory and features 51
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Height 0 10 20 30 40 u i o ö ü e
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Vowel category Variability Coeffici
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5.3. Processes vs. Coarticulation 1
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� F3 shows a high variability in
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Page 215: Variability coefficient 40,000 35,0
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Appendix 269 Vowels in Standard Aus
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