VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN - Acoustics ...

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Sylvia Moosmüller comprises both phonology and phonetics. Since both the phoneme and the final product of the phoneme are intended, the target has often been confused with the phoneme (see 6.1). The difficulty keeping phonetics and phonology apart has occupied phonological theory ever since Baudouin de Courtenay disunited phonetics into “Anthropophonik” and “Psychophonetik” (see Häusler 1976), and still tempts linguists to give up the distinction between phonetics and phonology (e.g. Port to appear). I will show in 6.3 that a phonological analysis is indispensible for a thorough understanding by which principles the final appearance of an utterance is lead (see also Moosmüller 2007a). In order to avoid confusion, both a phonetic and a phonological analysis have to be performed. An output realization is, in any case, the result of the application of postlexical processes which more or less modify the phoneme. Where the output realization is identical with the phoneme 19 , no process is applied. Therefore, the application of no process is included in the plan (one could also speak of a zero process). Our knowledge about processes allows us to backtrace a phonetic output to its phoneme. What then, is a phoneme? According to the most cited definition of Baudouin de Courteney, it is “eine einheitliche 20 , der phonetischen Welt angehörende Vorstellung, welche mittelst psychischer Verschmelzung der durch die Aussprache eines und desselben Lautes erhaltenen Eindrücke in der Seele entsteht = psychischer Äquivalent des Sprachlautes. Mit der einheitlichen Vorstellung des Phonems verknüpft sich (associiert sich) eine gewisse Summe einzelner anthropophonischer Vorstellungen, welche einerseits Articulations-Vorstellungen, andererseits aber akustische Vorstellungen, d. h. Vorstellungen gehörter oder im Gehörtwerden begriffener Resultate jener physiologischen Arbeiten, sind.“ (Baudouin de Courtenay 1895/1984: 65) Whereas talking is impermanent, the phoneme is not. According to this definition, the phoneme is a mental imprint (“Eindrücke in der Seele”) which is altered according to our phonetic habits: 19 For example in sustained vowel production tasks. 20 Later on, Baudouin de Courtenay replaces “einheitlich” (uniform) with “ständig” (permanent) (Häusler 1976: 61). 12
13 Vowels in Standard Austrian German “…zwingen uns unsere phonetischen Gewohnheiten, wie auch allgemein-menschliche Bedingungen phonetischer Verbindungen, die Aussprache der beabsichtigten Verbindungen ein wenig zu ändern…” (Baudouin de Courtenay 1895/1984: 75) Why these alternations (that is how Baudouin de Courtenay termed processes) occur, stays a puzzle for him (“Diese Thatsache aber bleibt, was ihre Ursache betrifft, vorder- hand rätselhaft” 1895/1984: 76). The phoneme defined as sound intention is to be conceived differently from the intended target. The phoneme is not only an intended sound, it is also distinctive, and it works as a mental representative for the phonetic outputs associated with it via processes. The phoneme itself is the output of prelexical processes which are applied in a way that phonemes of a given language also perform a distinctive function. As will be argued in 3.1 and 4.4, an overcrowding of palatal vowels is averted in Standard Austrian German by the suppression of the prelexical process which merges constriction locations in the front area of the vocal tract. Consequently, Standard Austrian German distinguishes pre-palatal and palatal vowels in the front region. According to the requirements of the interactional situation and the prosodic position of the phoneme, in the case of Standard Austrian German vowels, postlexical processes change the degree of constriction, the length of constriction, the configuration of the lips, but they never change the location of the constriction 21 . The phonetic outputs might, as is well-known, overlap acoustically, because different articulatory configurations might lead to the same acoustic output. Each output can, however, be traced back unambiguously to its phoneme via our knowledge of processes. Therefore, it is vital for correct perception that we reanalyse the processes which determine a given phonetic output. What does the phoneme look like? According to Dressler (1984), the phoneme is fully specified. It is usually taken for granted that a phoneme corresponds to an idealized pronunciation. This makes sense, since, besides the function of making up words (Donegan & Stampe 1979: 129), the phoneme should also be distinguishable from other phonemes, and the contrastive ability of phonemes decreases in weak 21 Except in case of a sound change in progress, see 4.4.1.
Page 1 and 2: VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN
Page 3 and 4: Vowels in Standard Austrian German
Page 9 and 10: 1. Introduction: Setting the Theore
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63 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germ
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Height 0 10 20 30 40 u i o ö ü e
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Vowel category Variability Coeffici
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5.3. Processes vs. Coarticulation 1
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c(xmin, xmax) 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.0
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6.2. Undershoot vs. Processes 179 V
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Variability coefficient 40,000 35,0
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6.6.3.4. The vowel /E/ 215 Vowels i
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6.6.3.6. The vowel /u/ 217 Vowels i
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z-score 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,
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Appendix 269 Vowels in Standard Aus
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