VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN - Acoustics ...

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Sylvia Moosmüller Stevens (1995) could show that the fall of F2 is not caused by a change in the consonant constriction, i.e. by an opening of the closure; this increase of area at the point of closure location has hardly any effect on F2 110 . They conclude that the drop in F2 must be due to the tongue body moving back (Manuel & Stevens 1995: 439). However, the steep fall of F3 at consonant release until vowel onset and the rise of F3 from about vowel midpoint till vowel offset seems to be caused by the change in area at the point of consonant closure. Therefore, it seems to be possible to tease apart the components involved in a CV sequence where the plosive has an alveolar place of articulation and the vowel a constriction in the pharyngeal region: F2 seems to be associated with tongue body backing and fronting, F3 with change in constriction area. Most of the work of tongue body backing is performed from the point of closure release until the onset of the vowel. However, at vowel onset, the tongue body is not yet in position. Therefore, some movement still has to be performed during the vowel. As a closure in the velar region is formed, natural frequencies of the front and the back cavity come close together, very often resulting in convergence of F2 and F3. Such a convergence of F2 and F3 can be seen in the burst of the velar plosive /g/ in Figure 5.18, which shows the sequencs [g5Ast] from "Gasthaus" (restaurant). After the burst, F2 and F3 drift apart again. F3 shows a slight rise and F2 drops slowly but continuously for about one third of the vowel, indicating tongue body retraction. This demonstrates that the tongue body does not take a back tongue body position in anticipation of the pharyngeal vowel (this would show up in a lower F2 spectral peak), but forms a closure in the velar region and retracts as the closure is released. To date it is not clarified which factors are ultimately responsible for the forward positioning of the tongue in the production of velar plosives flanked by back vowels (called ‘looping patterns’). The explanation put forward by Houde (1968, cited in Fuchs & Perrier 2005) that aerodynamics would cause the forward movement of the tongue 110 This result of Manuel & Stevens (1995) is corroborated by the movement over time of F2 in Figure 5.17: F2 does not rise in preparation of the following alveolar plosive /t/. 162
163 Vowels in Standard Austrian German has been partly refuted by Hoole et al. (1998) who observed looping patterns also in ingressive speech. Ohala (1983) attributed looping patterns to a strategy to maintain voicing. However, Mooshammer et al. (1995) found larger forward movements of the tongue for voiceless than for voiced velar stops. Löfqvist & Gracco (2002) postulated looping patterns to be planned in terms of cost minimization principles, whereas Perrier et al. (2003) and Fuchs & Perrier (2005) argue that looping patterns are due to biomechanical factors. Figure 5.18: Spectrogram of the sequence /'gAst/ from "Gast" (guest), speaker sp127, sentence reading task. Left cursor positioned during the burst of the velar plosive, right cursor at vowel onset of /A/. Respective formant frequency values can be read from the panel below. Bottom panel: waveform window, next panel from bottom: spectrogram window, left upper panel: waveform zoom window, right upper panel: amplitude spectrum window. Therefore, due to the velar location, the spectral peak associated with F2 is higher than at an alveolar location, which in turn is again higher than for a bilabial location 111 . 111 Resonance behind the closure for a tube closed at both ends.
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VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN
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Vowels in Standard Austrian German
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1. Introduction: Setting the Theore
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3 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germa
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11 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germ
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Hz 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 N
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� Speaker sp127: Student, male, 2
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4. Vowel inventory and features 51
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Height 0 10 20 30 40 u i o ö ü e
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Vowel category Variability Coeffici
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6.6.3.4. The vowel /E/ 215 Vowels i
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6.6.3.6. The vowel /u/ 217 Vowels i
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z-score 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,
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Appendix 269 Vowels in Standard Aus
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