VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN - Acoustics ...

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Sylvia Moosmüller vowel to consonant to vowel 95 (see also Wood 1996, 1997, Ericsdotter et al. 1999, Lindblom & Sussman 2004 for the sequencing of articulatory gestures) reflected in the formant frequencies of sonorants or spectral shapes of voiceless obstruents. The two phenomena which have been chosen to discuss the notion of coarticulation - nasalization and lip protrusion – involve articulators which – from an articulatory point of view - are largely independent from the other articulators and from one another. Therefore, in principle, nasalization and lip protrusion can start at any point in time; whole sequences can be articulated with the velopharyngeal port open or partly open or with protruded lips, phenomena like these can even have a dialectal or idiosynchratic status. The independence of these articulators is reflected in the diversity of the results obtained in the different investigations on these phenomena. The results obtained by Solé & Ohala (1991), Boyce (1990) and by Perkell & Matthies (1992, with previous studies) point to the possibility to interprete these phenomena differently, anticipatory nasalization and lip protrusion being rather an object of the phonology of a language having a processual character than part of coarticulation. What, then, is coarticulation and how can it be teased apart from phonological or phonetic processes? Definitions of coarticulation are as diverse as the results of phenomena defined as coarticulation. A very broad view on coarticulation might be attributed to Ohala 1993, who merged assimilation and coarticulation: "Here I will use 'coarticulation' and 'assimilation' as synonyms" (Ohala 1993: 156) 96 . Such a view of coarticulation can also be found in Chafcouloff & Marchal (1999), who, in discussing nasalization, use assimilation and coarticulation as synonyms: "The study of nasal coarticulatory effects, or to put it differently, the spreading of the nasal feature onto adjacent segments,..." (Chafcouloff & Marchal 1999: 69) 95 Contrary to Öhman (1966), who assumes a diphthongal motion of vowels onto which consonants are superimposed. 96 However, he uses both terms in this article, and it does not really clarify what is what. 132
133 Vowels in Standard Austrian German Another widely read view defines coarticulation as overlap of segments in time and space (e.g. Lindblom 1983, Nakamura 2005, Tabain 2001, Farnetani 1997): "The motor events of a sequence of phonemes overlap in space and time. In pronouncing, for example, [ku], the speaker begins to round and protrude his lips in anticipation of [u] before the release of the tongue closure for [k]. This spatial and temporal overlap of adjacent gestures is a very general phenomenon and can be observed in all languages. The term for it is coarticulation." (Lindblom 1983: 220) "During the movements of different articulators for the production of successive phonetic segments overlap in time and interact with one another. As a consequence, the vocal tract configuration at any point in time is influenced by more than one segment. This is what the term "coarticulation" describes." (Farnetani 1997: 371) "...that the movements of an articulatory organ overlap in time with those of different articulatory organs or different parts of the same organ. This is called coarticulation, the realisation of which is determined language-specifically." (Nakamura 2005: 1) This view of coarticulation as segmental overlap is rather broad as well, comprising a vast amount of phenomena in the organization of connected speech, whereas others see coarticulation as the neuromuscular production of movements. The latter conceptuali- zation often sees coarticulation as partly planned (Wood 1996, 1997, Ostry et al. 1996, Dang et al. 2004). "Coarticulation is a natural phenomenon involved in human speech, which originates from movement planning strategies and from physical interactions among speech articulators." (Dang et al. 2004: 25) "The sounds of speech may be combined in various ways, and the associated articulator movements may vary as the kinematic context changes. This kinematic variation, known as coarticulation, is one of the most pervasive characteristics of speech production. Some aspects of coarticulation may be centrally planned, whereas others may not be planned but may arise from factors such as muscle mechanics, musculoskeletal geometry, and jaw dynamics." (Ostry et al. 1996: 1570) Recasens (1999), who defines coarticulation as temporal coproduction of gestures, claims to make a distinction between "articulation proper" and "gestural overlap": "Moreover, a distinction should probably be made between coarticulation proper and gestural overlap: inspection of articulatory data reveals, for example, that the gesture for a vowel may coarticulate slightly with that for a following consonant before the well-defined onset of the consonantal gesture actually occurs. Unfortunately much of the data reported in the literature have been taken at individual points in time along particular utterances and thus, do not allow disentangling these two notions." (Recasens 1999: 81)
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VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN
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Vowels in Standard Austrian German
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1. Introduction: Setting the Theore
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3 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germa
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11 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germ
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Hz 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 N
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� Speaker sp127: Student, male, 2
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4. Vowel inventory and features 51
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Height 0 10 20 30 40 u i o ö ü e
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Vowel category Variability Coeffici
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185 Vowels in Standard Austrian Ger
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Therefore, it can be observed that
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Variability coefficient 40,000 35,0
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6.6.3.4. The vowel /E/ 215 Vowels i
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6.6.3.6. The vowel /u/ 217 Vowels i
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z-score 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,
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Appendix 269 Vowels in Standard Aus
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