VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN - Acoustics ...

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Sylvia Moosmüller 5. Coarticulation 5.1. What is coarticulation? The term "coarticulation" is attributed to Menzerath & de Lacerda (1933) who distinguished "Koartikulation" and "Steuerung" 83 . "Steuerung" means that the articulation of a certain phoneme is determined to a large extent by the following phoneme. "Steuerung" occurs in sequences which Menzerath & de Lacerda define as homorganic, for instance the sequence "afa". "Koartikulation", on the other hand, is the preparation of certain configurations in anticipation of the next phoneme: "Während des k-Verschlusses (9-10) bewegen sich die dabei unbeteiligten Lippen bereits auseinander – dies bezeichnen wir als "Synkinese" oder "Koartikulation" -, um das darauffolgende a vorzubereiten. Bei u würde das z.B. nicht geschehen können." (Menzerath & de Lacerda 1933: 50) 84 Menzerath & de Lacerda base their argumentation on the observation that the lips never come to rest during articulation 85 , that contrary to prevailing opinion at that time, no onglide, steady state 86 and offglide can be observed, "..., sondern eine wunderbare Koartikulation, die darauf begründet ist, daß ein Wort, ein Satz, als Ganzes gewollt und als Gesamtstruktur artikulatorisch nach immer wechselnder Kombination aufgebaut, besser gesagt, "verflochten" wird." (Menzerath & de Lacerda 1933: 52) This "interweaving" is not in contradiction to the fact that they can, in most instances, determine where a given phoneme starts and where it ends, despite the fact that certain gestures, e.g. lip opening or velar opening, are not synchronous with an observed stop 83 "Steuerung has been translated as "steering" or "control" by Nolan & Kühnert (1999). 84 /k/, however, is in open environment, i.e. between two /a/-vowels. Nevertheless, their observation is correct insofar as lip opening for /a/ also starts at the end of preceding labial consonants /m/ and /f/. 85 Their equipment only allowed the observation of lip opening movements. Observation of the lip protrusion movements was not possible. 86 "Stellung", here translated as "steady state", is meant in the sense that all articulators remain in a certain setting for a certain period of time. 122
123 Vowels in Standard Austrian German or start in the oral airflow. Theoretically, Menzerath & de Lacerda push the problem of segmentation to the level of phonology ("Lautabgrenzung heißt aber offenbar Abgrenzung der Laute", S. 59, see also Nolan & Kühnert 1999, Tillman & Mansell 1980), whilst practically they use the information of the electro-labiograph (for labial consonant - vowel sequences) or the curve of the oral airflow. Menzerath & de Lacerda do not differentiate between anticipatory and carry-over coarticulation, this is not crucial to their argumentation of the continuous flow of speech. Yet both directions occur in their material and with intraspeaker variability. For example, in the sequences "máma" and "mamá", spoken in isolation, both final vowels appear as non-nasal, independent of their accent, whereas within a sentence, the same wordfinal á, followed by a velar plosive, is slightly nasalized throughout. High variability in the quality and timing of nasalization has been observed by many researchers sofar. Moll & Daniloff (1971) could show that anticipatory nasalization could appear over two vowels preceding the nasal, even if interrupted by a word- boundary 87 , and that quite often there was as much velar opening during the vowels as during the nasal consonant. On the other hand, velar closure NVC sequences started either during the nasal consonant, during the approach to the vowel, or during the steady-state portion of the vowels (Moll & Daniloff 1971: 681). Speaker-specific differences could also be observed in an utterance final sequence /ni/ (from "money"). One speaker exhibited velar closure for the final vowel, one showed a movement towards closure, though closure was not achieved, and two speakers exhibited no velar closure movement, the velum remaining fully open throughout the vowel (Moll & Dani- loff 1971: 682). Language-specific differences in vowel nasalization have been observed by Clumeck (1976), Solé & Ohala (1991), and Cohn (1993), among others. Clumeck (1976) could show that velar coarticulation differs in temporal extent across the six 87 Contrary to Kozhevnikov & Chistovich (1965), who propose a syllable based approach.
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VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN
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Vowels in Standard Austrian German
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1. Introduction: Setting the Theore
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3 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germa
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11 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germ
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Hz 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 N
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� Speaker sp127: Student, male, 2
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4. Vowel inventory and features 51
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Height 0 10 20 30 40 u i o ö ü e
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173 Vowels in Standard Austrian Ger
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6.2. Undershoot vs. Processes 179 V
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Therefore, it can be observed that
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c(xmin, xmax) 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0
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Variability coefficient 40,000 35,0
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6.6.3.4. The vowel /E/ 215 Vowels i
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6.6.3.6. The vowel /u/ 217 Vowels i
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z-score 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,
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Appendix 269 Vowels in Standard Aus
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