VOWELS IN STANDARD AUSTRIAN GERMAN - Acoustics ...

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Sylvia Moosmüller language variety. In principle, as soon as the phoneme inventory is established 3 , the speaker is able to execute the communicative function in – from a phonological point of view – the most reliable way, namely in form of a biunique relationship between phoneme and phonetic output, i.e. “between signans and signatum” (Dressler 1984: 36). However, in order to ensure correct perception of the intended phoneme sequence, various adaptations are necessary. For example, lip protrusion of a rounded vowel has to start in the preceding consonant in order to make protrusion audible (Maeda 1999, Vaxelaire et al. 2003). Since speech is planned in terms of auditory targets (Guenther et al. 2006, Perkell et al. 2006), such processes are absolutely essential and, consequently, obligatory. The majority of processes are, however, language-, language variety-, or even speaker-specific. Anticipatory lip protrusion, for example, might affect even more preceding segments than just the immediately preceding consonant (see 5.1, Moosmüller 2007b). However, by applying anticipatory lip protrusion, motor complexity is increased (Van der Merwe 1997, Theron 2003), because lip protrusion is not related to the preceding phonemes (provided these are specified as unrounded). Therefore, one might ask why speakers abandon the biunique relationship and apply – from a cross-linguistic perspective – all sorts of processes? Why do French speakers apply anticipatory lip protrusion and, by doing so, not only increase motor complexity, but also risk distinctiveness (e.g. détour vs. de tour)? Why do Standard Austrian German speakers prefer to restrict anticipatory lip protrusion to the immediately preceding consonant? Given the language-specific and often speaker-specific application of processes, the answer can hardly be found in either enhancement of pronounceability or enhancement of perceptibility. However, languages have pre- ferences about which processes they apply under which conditions, and which they suppress. Phonology and phonetics, together with the remaining linguistic components, therefore play a decisive role in distinguishing languages or language varieties from 3 I.e., first language acquisition is completed and the speaker has no speaking or hearing disorders. 2
3 Vowels in Standard Austrian German each other. The smaller the sociological entity of speakers, the greater the distinctive role of phonology and phonetics. A non-native speaker is immediately detected, especially by his or her inability to apply the proper language-specific processes. The same holds for speakers of different varieties. This distinguishing function is directly related to the communicative function. The important role of phonetics and phonology in serving the communicative function of language becomes most obvious when the situational aspect is more explicitly emphasized. Studies both on sociophonology and sociophonetics unanimously prove that neither the frequency of occurrence of processes, nor the nature of the processes applied, is left to chance. The phonology and phonetics of a language, or of a variety, informs the listener to a large extent, not only about the regional and the social background of a given speaker, his or her age and sex, but also about the emotional state, the attitude of the speaker towards the listener(s), and his or her discursive intentions. Therefore, both the application and the non-application of a process have implications, and consequently, phonetics and phonology have to be conceptualised within a wider framework. 1.1. The socio-pragmatic foundation of phonology and phonetics Language is used by human beings to organize, maintain, or change their social life (both via communication and cognition). Therefore, “it is best described and understood as a system of goal-directed actions within its social frame (Dressler & Moosmüller 1991: 136). Most, if not all, investigations on speech behaviour came to the conclusion that speech behaviour differs according to the situation in which a specific interaction takes place. Speakers talk differently in formal speech situations and casual speech situations. It is assumed that in casual speech situations, speakers can feel more at ease and therefore are allowed to exert less effort while speaking; the result of this is less
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Page 3 and 4: Vowels in Standard Austrian German
Page 9: 1. Introduction: Setting the Theore
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53 Vowels in Standard Austrian Germ
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Spontaneous speech Long vowel + len
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Height 0 10 20 30 40 u i o ö ü e
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Vowel category Variability Coeffici
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5.3. Processes vs. Coarticulation 1
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� F3 shows a high variability in
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c(xmin, xmax) 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.0
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6.2. Undershoot vs. Processes 179 V
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Therefore, it can be observed that
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c(xmin, xmax) 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0
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Variability coefficient 40,000 35,0
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6.6.3.4. The vowel /E/ 215 Vowels i
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6.6.3.6. The vowel /u/ 217 Vowels i
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z-score 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,
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Appendix 269 Vowels in Standard Aus
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