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Public key infrastructure 97 Systems Agency (DISA) PKI infrastructure for the Common Access Cards program. Security issues • See PKI security issues with X.509 • See Breach of Comodo CA • See Breach of Diginotar CA Usage examples PKIs of one type or another, and from any of several vendors, have many uses, including providing public keys and bindings to user identities which are used for: • Encryption and/or sender authentication of e-mail messages (e.g., using OpenPGP or S/MIME). • Encryption and/or authentication of documents (e.g., the XML Signature [7] or XML Encryption [8] standards if documents are encoded as XML). • Authentication of users to applications (e.g., smart card logon, client authentication with SSL). There's experimental usage for digitally signed HTTP authentication in the Enigform and mod_openpgp projects. • Bootstrapping secure communication protocols, such as Internet key exchange (IKE) and SSL. In both of these, initial set-up of a secure channel (a "security association") uses asymmetric key (a.k.a. public key) methods, whereas actual communication uses faster symmetric key (a.k.a. secret key) methods. • Mobile signatures [9] are electronic signatures that are created using a mobile device and rely on signature or certification services in a location independent telecommunication environment. • Universal Metering Interface (UMI) an open standard, originally created by Cambridge Consultants for use in Smart Metering devices/systems and home automation, uses a PKI infrastructure for security. Terminology • CA: Certificate authority • TTP: Trusted third party References [1] "LPKI - A Lightweight Public Key Infrastructure for the Mobile Environments" (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpl/ freeabs_all. jsp?arnumber=4737164), Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems (IEEE ICCS'08), pp.162-166, Guangzhou, China, Nov. 2008. [2] Vacca, Jhn R. (2004). Public key infrastructure: building trusted applications and Web services (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3kS8XDALWWYC& pg=PA8). CRC Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780849308222. . [3] McKinley, Barton (January 17, 2001). "The ABCs of PKI: Decrypting the complex task of setting up a public-key infrastructure" (http:/ / www. networkworld. com/ research/ 2000/ 0117feat. html). Network World. . [4] Single Sign-On Technology for SAP Enterprises: What does SAP have to say? (http:/ / www. secude. com/ html/ ?id=1890) [5] Ed Gerck, Overview of Certification Systems: x.509, CA, PGP and SKIP, in The Black Hat Briefings '99, http:/ / www. securitytechnet. com/ resource/ rsc-center/ presentation/ black/ vegas99/ certover. pdf and http:/ / mcwg. org/ mcg-mirror/ cert. htm [6] Stephen Wilson, Dec 2005, "The importance of PKI today" (http:/ / www. china-cic. org. cn/ english/ digital library/ 200512/ 3. pdf), China Communications, Retrieved on 2010-12-13 [7] http:/ / www. w3. org/ TR/ xmldsig-core/ [8] http:/ / www. w3. org/ TR/ xmlenc-core/ [9] Mark Gasson, Martin Meints, Kevin Warwick (2005), D3.2: A study on PKI and biometrics (http:/ / www. fidis. net/ resources/ deliverables/ hightechid/ #c1785), FIDIS deliverable (3)2, July 2005
Public key infrastructure 98 External links • PKI tutorial (http:/ / www. cs. auckland. ac. nz/ ~pgut001/ pubs/ pkitutorial. pdf) by Peter Gutmann • PKI Tutorial using Fingerpuppets (http:/ / www. carillon. ca/ tutorials. php) • PKIX workgroup (http:/ / www. ietf. org/ html. charters/ pkix-charter. html) • Easing the PAIN (http:/ / www-106. ibm. com/ developerworks/ library/ s-pain. html) — a detailed explanation of PKI Privacy, Authentication, Integrity and Non-repudiation (PAIN) • NIST PKI Program (http:/ / csrc. nist. gov/ pki/ ) — in which the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is attempting to develop a public key infrastructure • Ten Risks of PKI: What You're Not Being Told About Public Key Infrastructure (http:/ / www. schneier. com/ paper-pki. html) by C. Ellison and B. Schneier • Response to Ten Risks (http:/ / homepage. mac. com/ aramperez/ responsetenrisks. html) by A. Perez • Seven and a Half Non-risks of PKI (http:/ / www. apache-ssl. org/ 7. 5things. txt) by B. Laurie • The Inevitable Collapse of the Certificate Model (http:/ / www. hbarel. com/ blog?itemid=36) by Hagai Bar-El Public-key cryptography Public-key cryptography refers to a cryptographic system requiring two separate keys, one to lock or encrypt the plaintext, and one to unlock or decrypt the cyphertext. Neither key will do both functions. One of these keys is published or public and the other is kept private. If the lock/encryption key is the one published then the system enables private communication from the public to the unlocking key's owner. If the unlock/decryption key is the one published then the system serves as a signature verifier of documents locked by the owner of the private key. This cryptographic approach uses asymmetric key algorithms, hence the more general name of "asymmetric key cryptography". Some of these algorithms have the public key/private key property; that is, neither key is derivable from knowledge of the other; not all asymmetric key algorithms do. Those with this property are particularly useful and have been widely deployed, and are the source of the commonly used name. The public key is used to transform a In an asymmetric key encryption scheme, anyone can encrypt messages using the public key, but only the holder of the paired private key can decrypt. Security depends on the secrecy of that private key. message into an unreadable form, decryptable only by using the (different but matching) private key. Participants in such a system must create a mathematically linked key pair (i.e., a public and a private key). By publishing the public key, the key producer empowers anyone who gets a copy of the public key to produce messages only s/he can read --
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Digital signature 44 every paramete
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Page 137 and 138: SHA-1 134 SHA-1 SHA-1 General Desig
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Page 145 and 146: SHA-1 142 • Xiaoyun Wang, Yiqun L
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Transport Layer Security 152 TLS 1.
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Transport Layer Security 158 Length
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X.509 168 Extensions informing a sp
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X.509 170 00:d3:a4:50:6e:c8:ff:56:6
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X.509 172 Exploits • MD2-based ce
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X.509 174 External links • ITU-T
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