world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
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REFERENCES<br />
H. pylori infection<br />
Normal gastric mucosa<br />
Chronic active gastritis<br />
Gastric atrophy Intestinal metaplasia<br />
Dysplasia<br />
Adenocarcinoma<br />
Fig. 2.50 The proposed natural history of the<br />
development of stomach <strong>cancer</strong> as a progressive<br />
process associated with atrophy and intestinal<br />
metaplasia with reduced acidity.<br />
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means of a cell-free filtrate. J Am Med Assoc, 56: 198.<br />
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Humans, Vol. 64), Lyon, IARCPress.<br />
6. IARC (1996) Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and<br />
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses (IARC Monographs on<br />
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Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8 (IARC Monographs on<br />
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response generated by the infection<br />
(Fig. 2.50).<br />
Infection by the liver fluke O. viverrini causes<br />
oedema, desquamation and acute<br />
inflammatory responses in the bile ducts in<br />
the early stages. Bile ducts of chronic carriers<br />
may exhibit metaplasia and adenomatous<br />
hyperplasia, which progress in some<br />
cases to cholangiocarcinoma [4].<br />
Alternatively, such indirect agents may<br />
cause immunosuppression and the reactivation<br />
of latent oncogenic viruses. In fact,<br />
several virus-induced <strong>cancer</strong>s occur almost<br />
exclusively under severe immunosuppression<br />
(Immunosuppression, p68) [6].<br />
Global burden of <strong>cancer</strong> attributed to<br />
infectious agents<br />
Recent estimates are that at least 1.6 million<br />
cases (18%) of the approximately 9<br />
million new cases of <strong>cancer</strong> that occurred<br />
in the <strong>world</strong> in 1995 can be attributed to<br />
the infectious agents discussed (Table<br />
8. Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Tafur L, Izarzugaza<br />
I, Gili M, Viladiu P, Navarro C, Martos C, Ascunce N (1992)<br />
The causal link between human papillomavirus and invasive<br />
cervical <strong>cancer</strong>: a population-based case-control study in<br />
Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer, 52: 743-749.<br />
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X, Llamosas F, Meijer CJ, Walboomers JM (2000) Human<br />
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Paraguay. Int J Cancer, 85: 486-491.<br />
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Kummer JA, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Peto J, Meijer CJ, Muñoz<br />
N (1999) Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of<br />
invasive cervical <strong>cancer</strong> <strong>world</strong>wide. J Pathol, 189: 12-19.<br />
11. Piot P, Bartos M, Ghys PD, Walker N, Schwartlander B<br />
(2001) The global impact of HIV/AIDS. Nature, 410: 968-<br />
973.<br />
12. Chey WD (1999) Helicobacter pylori. Curr Treat<br />
Options Gastroenterol, 2: 171-182.<br />
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Cancer, 35: 1174-1181.<br />
2.18) [2]. The proportion of <strong>cancer</strong>s attributed<br />
to infectious agents is higher in<br />
developing countries (23%) than in developed<br />
countries (9%). This proportion is<br />
greatest among women in Western,<br />
Eastern and Central Africa, where 40% of<br />
all <strong>cancer</strong>s are associated with chronic<br />
infections, followed by South-American<br />
and Asian women in whom this proportion<br />
is around 25% (Fig. 2.47). A similar picture<br />
is seen among males but with lower<br />
attributable proportions (Fig. 2.48).<br />
The realization that approximately onequarter<br />
of all <strong>cancer</strong>s occurring in the<br />
developing <strong>world</strong> can be attributed to<br />
infectious agents opens great hopes for<br />
prevention and treatment. This is particularly<br />
true for <strong>cancer</strong>s of the cervix, stomach<br />
and liver (Chapter 4), which are very<br />
common in developing countries, where<br />
they represent 91% of the <strong>cancer</strong>s associated<br />
with infectious agents.<br />
WEBSITES<br />
National Center for Infectious Diseases (USA CDC):<br />
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm<br />
WHO infectious disease information resources:<br />
http://www.who.int/health_topics/infectious_diseases/en<br />
Infectious agents 61