world cancer report - iarc

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Infection, 12, 56, 68, 70, 144-149, 167, 175, 194, 203, 215, 228, 232, 238, 243, 321 Inflammatory bowel disease, 204 Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II), 79, 99, 191, 259 Integrins, 111, 121, 287 Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 290 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 315 Interval cancers, 157 Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, 61, 195 Intraepithelial neoplasia of the pancreas, 250 Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 206 Invasiveness, 96 Iodine intake, 258 Ionizing radiation, 51, 53, 68, 93, 192, 242 Iris hamartomas, 268 Ischaemic heart disease, 131 Isochromosome 17, 266 J Jaw cysts, 268 Juvenile polyp, 86 Juvenile polyposis syndrome, 199 K Kaposi sarcoma, 49, 57, 58, 60, 68 KDR, 123 Kidney cancer, 22, 24, 36, 49, 72, 85, 111, 131, 138, 261, 263, 268, 284, 318 Kidney haemodialysis, 262 KIP1, 105 KISS-1, 120 Knudson’s hypothesis, 71 K-RAS, 54, 85, 186, 196, 206, 219, 250 K-sam, 196 L Laparoscopy, 274 Laryngeal cancer, 25, 26, 31, 131, 232-236, 278 Latent period, 84, 151 Leukaemia, 25, 34-36, 42, 45, 49-54, 57, 72, 79, 131, 237, 239, 240, 242, 268, 281, 284, 286, 318 Leukoplakia, 154, 172, 234 Lhermitte-Duclos disease, 268 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 72, 73, 99, 191, 218, 250, 265, 266, 268 Linear accelerator, 278, 317 Liver cancer, 12, 15, 34, 35, 37, 43-46, 49, 50, 53, 56-58, 61, 73, 85, 94, 102, 111, 120, 131, 138, 144, 203, 204, 206, 273, 284 Liver flukes, 58, 204 Liver transplantation, 206, 274 LKB1, 72, 250, 251 Lobular carcinoma in situ, 191 Low grade diffuse astrocytoma, 266 Lung cancer, 12, 22, 34-41, 53, 60, 65, 79, 85, 91, 94, 102, 111, 120, 128, 129, 131, 133, 138, 139, 154, 182, 268, 278, 284, 286, 306 Luteinizing hormone, 77, 79, 80, 286, 291 Lycopene, 209 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 268 Lymphoma, 35, 45, 49, 57-60, 68-70, 72, 114, 176, 194, 211, 229, 237, 239, 244, 258, 267, 274, 281, 284, 318 Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, 239 M M6P/IGF2R, 206 Major histocompatibility complex, 149, 288, 289 Malaria, 68 MALT lymphoma, 239 Mammogram/mammography, 156-158, 188, 307 Mantle cell lymphoma, 239 Mastectomy, 273 Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, 123 Matrix metalloproteinases, 122 Mature T-cell lymphomas, 239 MDM2, 101, 114, 267 MDR1, 219, 263, 285 Meat, 46, 63, 65, 189, 198, 223, 248 Mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, 239 Medical exposure, 51 Medical oncology, 48, 281, 318 Medullary cancer of the thyloid, 273 Medulloblastoma, 266, 268 Melamine, 85 α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 290 Melanoma, 15, 53, 72, 73, 94, 111, 120, 122, 140-143, 152, 250, 251, 253, 255, 284, 290 Melphalan, 49 MEN1, 72, 273 MEN2, 273 Meningioangiomatosis, 268 Meningioma, 72, 268 6-Mercaptopurine, 283, 286 Mesenchymal tumours, 68 Mesothelioma, 26, 33, 34, 36, 39, 135, 137, 139, 183, 279 MET, 196, 206, 259, 263 Metabolic activation, 27, 89 Metals, 27, 36, 40, 43 Metastasis, 79, 84, 85, 96, 119, 124, 184, 200, 206, 235, 255-257, 265, 278, 281 Methotrexate, 69, 219, 230, 245, 282, 283, 285, 286 5-Methoxypsoralen, 50 8-Methoxypsoralen, 49 7-Methylguanine, 90 O 6 -Methylguanine, 90, 94, 95 Methyl methanesulfonate, 35 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanol (NNAL), 25 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanone (NNK), 25 Methyl-CCNU, 49 4,4’-Methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), 35, 36, 139 Methylene blue chromoendoscopy, 175 Methyl methanesulfonate, 35 O 4 -Methylthymine, 90 MHAP/Serrated adenoma, 86 Subject index 347
Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65, 151, 209 Microsatellite instability, 219 Microsatellites, 93 Microwaves, 52 Migration (cellular), 121 Migration (population), 194 Minimal residual disease, 246 Mining, 36, 38, 39, 184, 248 Mismatch repair, 86, 91, 94 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), 117 Mitomycin C, 91 MKK4/SEK1, 120, 250 MMAC1, 120, 268 MMP, 120, 123 Mobile telephones, 53 MOCA see 4,4’-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) Molecular epidemiology, 45 MOPP and other combined [anticancer] chemotherapy, 49 MPNST, 268 Multicultural issues, 221, 325 Multiple basal palmar and plantar pits, 268 Multiple endocrine neoplasia, 72, 74, 259, 273 Multistage carcinogenesis, 27, 84 Mustard derivatives, 285 Mustard gas (sulfur mustard), 34 Mutation hotspot, 94 MYC, 44, 97, 114, 191, 217, 220, 225, 239, 255 Mycotoxins, 43, 102, see also Aflatoxins Myeloma, 281 Myleran, 49 Myocardial degeneration, 131 N Naevi, 254 Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin), 268 Nasal tumor, 34, 36, 138 Nasopharyngeal cancer, 35, 57, 63, 232 National Cancer Control Programmes, 304, 312 Natural killer cells, 287, 288 2-Naphthylamine, 34 Necrosis, 113 Nerve gliomas, 268 Nervous system tumours, 72, 94, 265, 266, 284 Neuroblastoma, 266 Neurofibromas, 72, 268 Neurofibromatosis, 72, 268 Neutropenia, 287 NF1, 72, 266, 268 NF2, 72, 268 Nickel compounds, 25, 34, 138 Nicotine replacement therapy, 28, 132, 133 Nitric oxide, 94, 116, 195 Nitrilotriacetate, 85 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 138 Nitrogen mustard, 50 348 Subject index Nitrogen oxide, 40 Nitrosamines, 204 N’-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), 25 N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 25 Nitrosoureas, 285 nm23, 120 N-nitropyrolidine, 25 N-nitrosamines, 25 N-nitroso compounds, 27, 46, 61, 63, 266 N-nitrosodiethylamine, 25 N-nitrosodimethylamine, 25 Nodal marginal zone lymphoma, 239 Non small cell lung cancer, 186, 281 Non-familial malignant melanoma, 254 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 68, 70, see also lymphoma Non-melanoma skin cancer, 54 N-RAS, 54 Nucleotide-excision repair, 91, 92 O Obesity, 78, see also overweight Occupational carcinogens, 33, 135 Occupational exposure, 33, 51, 52, 54, 135 Ochratoxin, 44 Oesophageal cancer, 15, 22, 24-26, 29, 30, 35, 36, 44, 62, 65, 66, 102, 111, 131, 223, 225, 278 Oligodendroglioma, 266 Oncogene, 59, 73, 86, 91, 96, 109, 114, 217 Oophorectomy, 273 Opioid analgesics, 287, 298, 319 Opisthorchis viverrini, 57, 61, 205, 204 Optic gliomas, 72 Optic nerve glioma, 266, 268 Oral cancer screening, 314 Oral cancer, 15, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 62, 85, 131, 154, 172, 173, 232, 309 Oral contraceptives, 49, 76, 80, 85, 204, 218, 220 Orchiplexy, 273 Organ transplantation, 68 Osteosarcoma, 72, 111, 284 Ovarian cancer, 62, 71, 73, 74, 76-80, 85, 120, 190, 215, 220, 268, 273, 275, 281, 284, 286 Ovarian fibromas, 268 Overweight, 66, 76, 261, 307 Oxygen radicals, 91 Ozone, 39, 41, 139 P p14ARF, 100, 101, 107 p15 INK4B, 106, 199 p16INK4A, 73, 75, 100, 105-107, 186, 199, 219, 225, 226, 250, 251, 255, 266, 267 p19ARF, 105 p21, 54, 99, 106, 107, 114
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
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Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
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Most of the world’s most common c
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treatment of cancer. The problems l
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duction. It is clear that tumour ce
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REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331 and 332: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333 and 334: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335 and 336: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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