world cancer report - iarc

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SUBJECT INDEX A Abasic site, 91, 93 Acetaldehyde, 25, 138 Acrylonitrile, 35, 138 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 242, 247, 265 Acute myeloid leukaemia, 69, 245, 281 Acute promyelocytic leukaemia, 97, 244, 246 Adenoma sebaceum, 268 Adenomatous polyps of the small intestine, 268 Adrenocortical carcinoma, 72, 268 Aflatoxins, 34, 37, 43, 44, 46, 90, 91, 94, 102, 203- 205 AIDS, see human immunodeficiency virus Air pollution, 39, 139, 182, 184 Alcohol cirrhosis, 146 Alcohol dehydrogenase, 30 Alcohol drinking, 22, 26, 29, 64, 135, 189, 195, 199, 203, 204, 223, 232, 236, 307, 313, 322 ALK5, 250 Alkylating agents, 49, 91, 283, 285 O 6 -Alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase, 95, 285 Aluminium production, 36 4-Aminobiphenyl, 34, 94 Anabolic steroids, 204 Anal cancer, 68 Analgesics, 49, 85 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, 239 Androgen receptor, 77, 80, 209 Androgenic (anabolic) steroids, 50 Androgens, 209 Angiofibroma, 268 Angiogenesis, 96, 122, 152, 191, 201 Angiomyolipoma, 268 Angiosarcoma, 34, 94, 204 Anthracyclines, 60, 186, 197, 206, 219, 230, 241, 245, 281, 282, 285, 286 Antibiotics, 58, 283 Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, 123 Anti-emetics, 286, 287 Antimetabolites, 285 Antiretroviral, 49 Aortic aneurysm, 131 APC, 72, 73, 99, 111, 112, 121, 153, 164, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 206, 226, 268 Apoptosis, 54, 59, 77, 79, 83, 84, 98, 100, 113-117, 121, 152, 153, 191, 213, 244, 290 Aromatic amines, 27, 35, 89, 135, 228-230 Arsenic and arsenic compounds, 25, 34, 36, 39-41, 138 Asbestos, 26, 34, 36, 37, 39, 135-137, 154, 183, 186, 229, 233, 261 L-Asparaginase, 283 Aspergillus, 44 Aspirin, 118, 152, 154, 199 Astrocytoma, 268 Ataxia telangiectasia (ATM), 68, 72, 93, 100, 114, 191, 192, 251 ATB, 251 ATM, see ataxia telangiectasia Atmospheric pollution, see air pollution Atomic bomb, 51, 183 Atrophic gastritis, 195 Autoimmune disease, 68 Axillary freckling, 268 Azathioprine, 49, 68 B BAD, 117 Barrett oesophagus, 225 Basal cell carcinoma, 72 Base excision repair, 91, 93 Bax, 54, 99 BCG, 230 Bcl-2, 98, 99, 113, 115, 191, 206 Bcl-XL, 117 BCNU, 50 Behaviour, 21, 53, 141, 142, 146, 167, 215, 221, 308, 310 Benz[a]anthracene, 35 Benzal chloride, 35 Benzene, 27, 34, 36, 40, 45, 242 Benzidine, 34, 35 Benzo[a]anthracene, 25 Benzo[a]pyrene, 25, 35, 90, 94, 138 Benzo[b]fluoranthene, 25 Benzoyl chloride, 35 Beryllium, 34 Betel quid, 22, 224, 233 Bidi, 23 Bilateral acoustic neuroma, 72 Bile ducts, 35, 49 Binge drinking, 31 N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine), 49 Bis(chloroethyl)nitrosourea (BCNU), 50 Bis(chloromethyl)ether, 34, 138 Bladder cancer, 15, 22, 24, 33-37, 41, 42, 49, 57, 58, 64, 68, 75, 85, 94, 111, 131, 135, 228, 229, 284, 318 Bleomycin, 49, 214, 222, 241, 286 Bloom syndrome, 72 Bone metastases, 278 Bowel cancer, see colorectal cancer Brachytherapy, 280 Bracken, 44 Subject index 343
Brain cancer, see nervous system tumours BRCA1, 71, 73-75, 99, 106, 114, 190, 191, 206, 219, 220, 250, 251, 272, 273, 322 Breakpoint cluster region, 244 Breast cancer screening, 156, 190 Breast cancer, 12, 25, 29-31, 45, 48, 49, 64, 72-79, 85, 97, 102, 105, 106, 111, 120, 151, 188, 191, 220, 251, 268, 273, 281, 282, 284, 291, 307, 322 BRMS1, 120 1, 4-Butanediol dimethane-sulfonate, 49 Bupropion, 28, 133 Burkitt lymphoma, 68, 237-240, 281 Busulfan, 49 1,3-Butadiene, 35, 136 Butylated hydroxyanisole, 85 Bystander effect, 110 C E-Cadherin (CAD1), 111, 199, 120, 206, 219, 226 Cadmium, 34 Café-au-lait spots, 268 Cancer education in medical courses, 280 Cancer in mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps (MHAP), 86 Cancer registries, 14, 309, 312, 315 Cancer vaccine, 290, 291 Canthaxanthin, 152 Carbon monoxide (CO), 138 Carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA), 191 Carcinogen activation, 89 Cardiac rhabdomyomas, 268 Carotenoids, 65, 151, 152, 194, 229 β-Carotene, 152 Caspases, 191 α-Catenin, 111 β-Catenin, 111, 199, 205, 266 γ-Catenin, 111 Cationic trypsinogen, 251 CC>TT transitions, 94 CCND1, 105 CCNU, 50 CD44, 196, 199, 219 CD95, see Fas CDC25A, 105 CDC25B, 105 CDK (cyclin dependent kinase), 106 CDK2, 107 CDK4, 73, 105, 107 CDK6, 105, 107 CDKI (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor), 106 CDKN2, 101, 107, 204, 255 CDKN2A (p16INK4A), 105, 186, 206, 226 Cell adhesion, 109, 120, 191, 226 Cell cycle arrest, 54, 98 Cell cycle checkpoints, 106 Cell cycle, 83, 96-98, 100, 101, 104, 114 Cell division, 83, 85, 96, 99, 104, 105, 108, 281, 282 Cell mobility, 191 344 Subject index Cell-cell communication, 109 Cellular phones, see mobile telephones Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 310 c-erbB2 (neu), 191, 196, 206, 219, 226 Cerebral astrocytoma, 72 Cerebrovascular disease, 131 Cervical cancer screening, 167, 305, 314, 316, 318 Cervical cancer, 15, 25, 49, 56-58, 60, 61, 68, 88, 101, 148, 150, 167, 172, 215, 216, 280, 284, 305, 307, 316 Chemical carcinogen, 22, 27, 43, 46, 69, 84, 89 Chemotherapeutic drugs, 283 Chemotherapy, 281, 317, 323 Chernobyl accident, 51, 257, 258 Chewing tobacco, 22, 233 Childhood malignancies, 54, 242, 265, 281 Chk1, 114 Chk2, 114 Chlorambucil, 49, 286 Chloramphenicol, 50 Chlorinated toluenes, 35 Chlorination, 39, 41 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-Methyl-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl CCNU), 49 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), 50 Chlorofluorocarbons, 39, 41 Chloroform, 138 Chloromethyl methyl ether, 34 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine, 35 para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine, 35 Cholangiocarcinoma, 57, 204, 205 Choriocarcinoma, 281, 284 ChromiumVI, 138 Chronic active gastritis, 61 Chronic active hepatitis, 44 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, 239, 242, 244 Chronic myelogenous leukaemia, 242, 243, 244 Chronic myeloid leukemia, 245 Chronic obstructive lung disease, 131 Chrysene, 25 Ciclosporin, 49, 68 Cigarettes, 22, see tobacco Cirrhosis, 31, 144, 145, 203, 204, 273, 274 Cisplatin, see platinum drugs Classification of tumours, 193 Clear cell carcinoma of the kidney, 263 Clear cell carcinoma of the vagina, 48 Clinical trials, 123, 133, 145 Clonorchis sinensis, 57, 204 CMM2, 251 Coal tar, 34, 36 Cobalt source, 278, 307, 317 Colectomy, 273 Colonoscopy, 165 Colorectal cancer screening, 163, 199 Colorectal cancer, 63-65, 72, 73, 85, 86, 94, 95, 99, 105, 111, 118-121, 124, 151, 153,163, 196, 198, 200, 206, 268, 273, 281, 284 Complementary and alternative medicine, 299
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
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Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
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Most of the world’s most common c
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treatment of cancer. The problems l
Page 283 and 284: duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286: REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331 and 332: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 337 and 338: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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