world cancer report - iarc

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deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 98: 3346-3351. Copyright (2001) National Academy of Sciences, USA 6.18 Von Kantor and Associates Inc., Fort. Lauderdale FL, USA/www.lectureslides.com 6.19 A. M. Thompson, UK 6.20 Courtesy of the Palliative Care Council of South Australia 6.21 Adapted from WHO (1996) Cancer Pain Relief, 2nd edition, Geneva, World Health Organization/data for 1999 from David E. Joranson, Pain & Policy Studies Group, WHO Collaborating Center for Policy and Communications and the International Narcotics Control Board, United Nations Demographic Yearbook, 1999. 6.22 Data from David E. Joranson, Pain & Policy Studies Group, WHO Collaborating Center for Policy and Communications 6.23 B. Cassileth, USA 7. 1 & 7.2 IARCPress 7.3 C. Sepulvéda, WHO 7.4 International Union Against Cancer (UICC), 3, rue du Conseil-Général, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland 7.5 Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20 1211, Geneva 27 Switzerland 7.6 M. Imperi (2000) BMJ, 321, cover photo, with permission from the BMJ Publishing Group. 7.7 E. Lucas, IARC 7.8 WHO/TDR Image Library/Haaland 7.9 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC 7.10 G. Mollon, IARC 7.11 - 7.13 E. Lucas, IARC 7.14 WHO (1998) The World Health Report 1998. Life in the 21st Century: A Vision for All. Geneva, World Health Organization, p39 7.15 & 7.16 WHO/HPR/TDR Image Library/Crump 7.17 WHO (1998) The World Health Report 1998. Life in the 21st Century: A Vision for All. Geneva, World Health Organization, p44 7.18 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK Tables 2.1 & 2.2 Reprinted from Eur J Cancer Prev, Vol. 8, M. Pandey, A. Mathew, M.K. Nair. Global perspective of tobacco habits and lung cancer: a lesson for third world countries, 271-9, Copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier Science 2.3 Adapted from N.J. Wald and A.K. Hackshaw (1996) Br Med Bulletin, 52 (1): 3-11 (and from the American Cancer Study (CPSII)), by permission of Oxford University Press 2.4 H. Boeing, Alcohol and risk of cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract: first analysis of the EPIC data. In: E. Riboli and R. Lambert eds (2002) Nutrition and Lifestyle: Opportunities for Cancer Prevention (IARC Scientific Publications No. 156). Lyon, IARCPress 2.5 & 2.6 P. Boffetta, IARC 2.7 - 2.10 J. Rice, IARC/IARC Monographs Programme 2.11 P. Boffetta, IARC 2.12 P. Boffetta, IARC/WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, 1995 2.13 - 2.15 J. Rice, IARC/IARC Monographs Programme 2.16 IARCPress/UNSCEAR, 1994 2.17 E. Cardis, IARC 2.18 S. Franceschi, IARC 2.19 J. Rice, IARC/IARC Monographs Programme 2.20 & 2.21 D. Goldgar, IARC 2.22 S. Franceschi, F. Parazzini, E. Negri, M. Booth, C. La Vecchia, V. Beral, A. Tzonou and D. Trichopoulos (1991) Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies of epithelial ovarian cancer III. Oral contraceptive use. Int J. Cancer, 49: 61-65 3.1 Adapted from H. Marquardt, Chemical carcinogenesis, in H. Marquardt, S.G. Schafer, R. McClellan and F. Welsch, eds (1999). Toxicology, Academic Press, San Diego, 151-178 3.2 & 3.3 P. Hainaut, IARC 3.4 H. Yamasaki, Y. Omori, M.L. Zaidan-Dagli, N. Mironov, M. Mesnil et al. (1999) Genetic and epigenetic changes of intercellular communication genes during multistage carcinogenesis, Cancer Detect and Prev, 23: 273-279 3.5 & 3.6 S. Eccles, UK 3.7 Reprinted by permission from Nature, L.A. Liotta, E.C. Kohn (2001) The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface, Nature, 411: 375-379, copyright 2001, Macmillan Magazines Ltd. 3.8 A. Sasco, IARC 4.1 & 4.2 C.J.L. Murray, A.D. Lopez, Assessing the burden of disease that can be attributed to specific risk factors. In Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options. Investing in Health Research and Development. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1996 4.3 A. Sasco, IARC 4.4 IARC (1999) Re-evaluation of some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (IARC Monographes Vol. 71), Lyon, IARCPress 4.5 USA EPA (2000) Latest Findings on National Air Quality: 1999 Status and Trends, US Environmental Protection Agency 4.6 WHO (1999) Air Quality Guidelines, Geneva, WHO 4.7 S. Yamamura (2001) Drinking water guidelines and standards, in United Nations synthesis report on arsenic in drinking water, United Nations (draft), http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/Arsenic/ ArsenicUNReptoc.htm 4.8 B.W. Stewart, Australia 4.9 Adapted from Table 1, Prophylactic vaccines under devel opment, in A. Kols and J. Sherris (2000) HPV Vaccines: Promise and Challenges. Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention, PATH 4.10 & 4.11 S. Franceschi and N. Muñoz, IARC 4.12 H. Vainio, IARC 4.13 & 4.14 L. Denis, Belgium 4.15 & 4.16 R. Lambert, IARC Sources of figures and tables 341
4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from J.S. Mandel, J.H. Bond, T.R. Church, D.C. Snover, G.M. Bradley et al. (1993) Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med, 328:1365-1371 4.18 IARC Working Group on Cervical Cancer Screening (1986) Summary chapter, Screening for Cancer of the Uterine Cervix. (IARC Scientific Publication No. 76), Lyon, IARCPress 4.19 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC 5.1 P. Boffetta, IARC 5.2 A. Sasco, IARC/Data from Table 36.2-23, Cancer of the Breast, in V.T. DeVita Jr. et al., eds (1997) Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th Edition, Lippincott-Raven 5.2 B Munoz et al. N Engl J Med 348:518-527 (2003) 5.3 H. Ohgaki, IARC 5.4 L. Raymond, J. Young M. Parkin S. Whelan and J. Ferlay , (1997) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VII, IARCPress 5.5 L.A.G. Ries, M.P. Eisner, C.L. Kosary, B.F. Hankey, B.A. Miller et al., eds (2001) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA 5.6 & 5.7 P. Hainaut, IARC 5.8 L. Denis, Belgium 5.9 T. Shimoda, Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo Ku, 104-0045 Tokyo, Japan 5.10 Adapted from Anon. (1997) A clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. Blood, 89: 3909-3918 5.11 G. Young, Australia 5.12 & 5.13 G. Klöppel, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelistrasse 11, D-24105 Kiel, Germany 342 Sources of figures and tables 5.14 W. McCarthy, Australia 5.15 Data from E. van den Berg, T. Dijkhuizen (1999) Classification of renal cell cancer based on (cyto)genetic analysis. Contrib Nephrol, 128: 51-61; A. Bernheim, A. Vagner-Capodano, J. Couturier, et le Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Oncologique (2000) De la cytogénétique à la cytogénomie oncologique. Médecine/Sciences, 16: 528-539 5.16 & 5.17 P. Kleihues, IARC 6.1 Table 15-12, p301, S. Rosenberg, Principles of cancer management: surgical oncology, in V.T. DeVita Jr., S. Hellman, S.A. Rosenberg, eds (1997) Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5 th edition, copyright Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 6.2 G.H. Sakorafas (2001) Breast cancer surgery--historical evolution, current status and future perspectives. Acta Oncol, 40(1): 5-18 6.3 A.J.A. Bremers, E.J.Th. Rutgers, C.J.H. van de Velde (1999) Cancer surgery: the last 25 years. Cancer Treat Rev, 25: 333-353 6.4 - 6.8 K. Sikora, UK 6.9 P. Hersey, Australia 6.10 Adapted from S.J. Clarke, Drug resistance, in J.F. Bishop, ed (1999) Cancer Facts. A Concise Oncology Text, Australia, Harwood Academic Publishers, 67-71 6.11 K. Shin, USA 6.12 J.A. DeLisa, Cancer, Vol. 92, No. 4 Suppl., 2001, pp. 970- 974. Copyright (2001) American Cancer Society. Reprinted by permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6.13 & 6.14 K. Shin, USA 7.1 & 7.2 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC Note: * GLOBOCAN 2000 J. Ferlay, F.I. Bray, D.M. Parkin, P. Pisani (2001) Globocan 2000: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide (IARC Cancer Bases No. 5), Lyon, IARCPress. † IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry. R. Sankaranarayanan, R.J. Black and D.M. Parkin (1998) Cancer survival in developing countries (IARC publication No. 145), Lyon, IARCPress; F. Berrino, R. Capocaccia, J. Esteve, F. Berrino, J. Capocaccia et al. (1999) Survival of cancer patients in Europe: the EUROCARE-2 study (IARC Publication No. 151), Lyon, IARCPress; L.A.G. Ries, M.P. Eisner, C.L. Kosary, B.F. Hankey, B.A. Miller et al., eds (2001) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD; http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999/ Osaka Cancer Registry, Japan: data for 1992 used. http://www.mc.pref.osaka.jp/ocr_e/ocr/
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
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Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
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Most of the world’s most common c
Page 281 and 282: treatment of cancer. The problems l
Page 283 and 284: duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286: REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 335 and 336: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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