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dence of apoptosis, in Apoptosis: the Molecular Basis of Cell Death, eds L.D. Tomei and F.O. Cope. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, 5-29 3.34 Reprinted with permission from Nature. B.B. Zhou, S.J. Elledge (2000) The DNA damage response: putting checkpoints in perspective. Nature, 408: 433-439, Copyright (2000) Macmillan Magazines Ltd. 3.35 IARCPress 3.36 N.J. Carr, Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road. Southampton SO16 6YD, UK 3.37 Reprinted with permission from Nature, M.O. Hengartner (2000) The biochemistry of apoptosis, Nature, 407, 770-6. Copyright (2000) Macmillan Magazines Ltd. 3.38 J.C. Bourdon, Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK 3.39 Adapted from A.A. Adjei, USA 3.40 Reprinted from Eur J Cancer, Vol. 36, Beavon I, The E-cad herin complex in tumour metastasis: structure , function, regulation, 1607-1620. Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier Science 3.41 Reprinted from Eur J Cancer, Vol. 36, J.A. Wyke, Overviewburgeoning promise in metastasis research, 1589-1594. Copyright 2000, with permission from Elsevier Science 3.42 C. Fenoglio-Preiser, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, School of Medicine, 231 Bethesda Avenue, POB 670529, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA 3.43 R.C. Janzer, Division of Neuropathology, University Institute of Pathology, 27 rue du Bugnon, CH 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland 3.44 R.D. Rubens, Clinical Oncology Unit, Guys Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK 3.45 S. Eccles, UK 4.1 Reprinted from R. Doll, R. Peto, K. Wheatley, R. Gray, I. Sutherland (1994) Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ, 309(6959): 901-911, with permission from the BMJ Publishing Group 4.2 Adapted from F. Faggiano, T. Partanen, M. Kogevinas, P. Boffetta (1997) Socioeconomic differences in cancer incidence and mortality (IARC Scientific Publication 138), 65-176. 4.3 R. Peto, S. Darby, H. Deo, P. Silcocks, E. Whitley et al. (2000) Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ, 321(7257): 323-329.with permission from the BMJ Publishing Group 4.4 T. Lancaster, L. Stead, C. Silagy, A. Sowden (2000) Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library. BMJ, 321(7257): 355-358, with permission from the BMJ Publishing Group. Original data from Silagy et al. (2000) Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation, Cochrane Library, Issue 3, Oxford: Update Software 4.5 R. Peto, Z.M. Chen, J. Boreham (1999) Tobacco the grow ing epidemic. Nat Med 5 (1);15-17 and B.Q. Liu, R. Peto, Z.M. Chen, J. Boreham, Y.P. Wu et al. (1998) Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ, 317(7170):1411-22 4.6 "La verité si j’fume" courtesy of la Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer and Aventis Pharma SA; "Il suffit de dire NON", courtesy of the Association Tunisienne de Lutte Contre le Cancer; "Quanto ti costa fumare?", Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy; "Merci de ne pas fumer" & "Animals Smoking", copyright of Comité National Contre le Tabagisme, 31, avenue Michel Bizot, 75012 Paris, France, www.cnct.org; "NO smoking", courtesy of the Japan Public Health Association. A. J. Sasco, IARC 4.7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report, 49:1066-1069, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr 4.8 Graphics and Audiovisual section, NCI Office of Cancer Communications, USA 4.9 P. Boffetta, IARC/Adapted from K. Magnus, A. Andersen, A.C. Hogetveit (1982) Cancer of respiratory organs among workers at a nickel refinery in Norway. Int J Cancer, 30(6): 681-685 4.10 Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science, J. Peto, J.T. Hodgson, F.E. Matthews, J.R. Jones (1995) Continuing increase in mesothelioma mortality in Britain. Lancet, 345(8949): 535-539 4.11 Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, Australia/IARCPress 4.12 Graphics and Audiovisual section, NCI Office of Cancer Communications, USA 4.13 The Cancer Council New South Wales and the NSW Health Department, Australia 4.14 GLOBOCAN 2000* 4.15 & 4.16 WHO (2000) Vaccines, Immunization and Biologicals, 1997 data http://www.who.int/vaccinessurveillance/ graphics/htmls/hepbprev.htm and http://www.who.int/ vaccinessurveillance/graphics/htmls/hepb.htm 4.17 J.Y. Scoazec, France 4.18 G. Kirk, USA/Adapted from P. Pisani, D.M. Parkin, N. Muñoz, J. Ferlay (1997) Cancer and infection: estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 6(6): 387-400 4.19 G.Kirk, USA. 4.20 IARCPress 4.21 W.J. Edmunds, G.F. Medley, D.J. Nokes, A.J. Hall and H.C. Whittle (1993) The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proc R Soc Lond B, 253, 197- 201. With permission from The Royal Society. 4.22 - 4.24 IARCPress 4.25 Graphics and Audiovisual section, NCI Office of Cancer Communications, USA 4.26 C.R. Boland, F.A. Sinicrope, D.E. Brenner, J.M. Carethers (2000) Colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. Sources of figures and tables 337
Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S115-28, with the permission of W.B. Saunders Company 4.27 IARCPress 4.28 B. Marincek, Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, UniversitätsSpital, Ramistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland 4.29 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC 4.30 Copyright GE Medical Systems 4.31 P. Pisani, IARC 4.32 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 4.33 A. M. Thompson, UK 4.34 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK 4.35 Graphics and Audiovisual section, NCI Office of Cancer Communications, USA 4.36 Reprinted from Radiol Clin North Am, 38, L. Tabar, B. Vitak, H.H. Chen, S.W. Duffy, M.F. Yen et al., The Swedish Two-County Trial twenty years later. Updated mortality results and new insights from long-term follow-up, 625- 651, copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier Science 4.37 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK 4.38 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 4.39 R. LiPuma, Prostate Cancer Education Council, 300 South Jackson Street, Suite 540 Denver, CO 80209, USA. 4.40 C.A. Rubio, Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden 4.41 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 4.42 Prévention et Biologie, SA, 29-33 Rue de Metz, 94170 Le Perreux, France 4.43 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 4.44 IARCPress 4.45 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 4.46 Adapted from M.R. Law, J.K. Morris, N.J. Wald (1999) The importance of age in screening for cancer. J Med Screen, 6(1): 16-20, with permission from the BMJ Publishing Group 4.47 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC 4.48 IARCPress 4.49 - 4.52 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC 4.53 A & B H. Ohgaki, IARC 4.53C R. Lambert, IARC 4.54 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 4.55 Adapted from Table 2, Y. Tsubono and S. Hisamichi (2000) Screening for gastric cancer in Japan. Gastric cancer, 3: 9-18. Copyright Springer-Verlag 5.1 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.2 Graphics and Audiovisual section, NCI Office of Cancer Communications, USA 5.3 B.W. Stewart, Australia 5.4 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 5.5 J.A. Baron and T.E. Rohan, Tobacco, in D. Schottenfeld and J.F. Fraumeni Jr. eds (1996) Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, UK 5.6 P. Boffetta, IARC/Adapted from J.H. Lubin, W.J. Blot (1984) Assessment of lung cancer risk factors by histo- 338 Sources of figures and tables logic category. J Natl Cancer Inst, 73: 383-389 5.7 B. Marincek, Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, UniversitätsSpital, Ramistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland 5.8 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.9 P. Boffetta, IARC 5.10 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.11 IARCPress/Department of Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland 5.12 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.13 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK 5.14 Von Kantor & Associates Inc., Ft. Lauderdale FL, USA/www.lectureslides.com 5.15 A. M. Thompson, UK 5.16 & 5.17 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.18 P. Kleihues, IARC 5.19 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 5.20 Von Kantor & Associates Inc., Ft. Lauderdale FL, USA/www.lectureslides.com 5.21 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.22 IARCPress 5.23 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.24 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 5.25 N. Matsukura, Japan 5.26 H. Ohgaki, IARC 5.27 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.28 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.29 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.30 IARCPress 5.31 Reprinted from European Journal of Cancer, Vol 35, No 3, Ilyas M, Straub J, Tomlinson IPM, Bodmer W, Genetic pathways in colorectal and other cancers, 335-351, copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier Science 5.32 - 5.34 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5. 35 C. Fenoglio-Preiser, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, School of Medicine, 231 Bethesda Avenue, POB 670529, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA 5.36 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.37 & 5.38 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.39 IARCPress 5.40 B. Marincek, Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, UniversitätsSpital, Ramistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland 5.41 - 5.43 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Herriot, place d’arsonval, 69437 Lyon
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
Page 277 and 278: Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
Page 279 and 280: Most of the world’s most common c
Page 281 and 282: treatment of cancer. The problems l
Page 283 and 284: duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286: REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 331 and 332: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333 and 334: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335 and 336: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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