world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
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Agent Cancer site/<strong>cancer</strong> Main industry/use<br />
Acrylonitrile Lung, prostate, lymphoma Plastics, rubber, textiles, monomer<br />
Benz[a]anthracene Lung, skin Combustion fumes<br />
Benzidine-based dyes Bladder Paper, leather, textile dyes<br />
Benzo[a]pyrene Lung, skin Combustion fumes<br />
1,3-Butadiene Leukaemia, lymphoma Plastics, rubber, monomer<br />
Captafol - Pesticide<br />
Chlorinated toluenes (trichlorobenzene, Lung Chemical intermediates<br />
benzal chloride, benzyl chloride, benzoyl chloride)<br />
para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine(and its strong acid salts) Bladder Dye/pigment manufacture, textiles<br />
4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine Bladder Dye/pigment manufacture, insecticide<br />
Creosotes Skin Wood preservation<br />
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Lung, skin Combustion fumes<br />
Diethyl sulfate - Chemical intermediate<br />
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride - Chemical intermediate<br />
Dimethyl sulfate - Chemical intermediate<br />
Epichlorohydrin - Plastics/resins monomer<br />
Ethylene dibromide - Chemical intermediate, fumigant, fuels<br />
Formaldehyde Nasopharynx Plastics, textiles, laboratory agent<br />
Glycidol - Chemical intermediate, sterilising agent<br />
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) Bladder Rubber manufacture<br />
Methyl methanesulfonate - Laboratory research<br />
ortho-Toluidine Bladder Dye/pigment manufacture<br />
Polychlorinated biphenyls Liver, bile ducts, leukaemia, lymphoma Electrical components<br />
Styrene oxide - Plastics, chemical intermediate<br />
Tetrachloroethylene Oesophagus, lymphoma Solvent, dry cleaning<br />
Trichloroethylene Liver, lymphoma Solvent, dry cleaning, metal<br />
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate - Plastics, textiles, flame retardant<br />
Vinyl bromide - Plastics, textiles, monomer<br />
Table 2.8 Chemicals classified as probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2A) for which exposures are mostly occupational..<br />
chemical or physical carcinogenic<br />
agents and associating these agents<br />
with specific occupations and industries<br />
is complicated by a number of factors:<br />
- Information on industrial processes<br />
and consequent exposures is frequently<br />
poor, and does not allow a complete<br />
evaluation of the impact of specific<br />
exposures in different occupations or<br />
industries;<br />
- Exposure to chemicals known to present<br />
a carcinogenic hazard, such as vinyl<br />
chloride monomer and benzene, may<br />
occur at markedly different levels in different<br />
occupational situations;<br />
- Changes in work practice occur over<br />
time, either because identified carcinogenic<br />
agents are replaced by other<br />
agents or (more frequently) because<br />
new industrial processes or materials<br />
are introduced;<br />
- Any list of occupations involving presumed<br />
exposure to an agent is likely to<br />
include only some of the situations in<br />
which a particular carcinogen may<br />
occur;<br />
- Finally, the presence of a carcinogenic<br />
chemical in an occupational situation<br />
does not necessarily mean that workers<br />
are exposed to it. Conversely, the<br />
absence of identified carcinogens from<br />
a particular workplace does not exclude<br />
the possibility of a hazard and/or an as<br />
yet unidentified cause of <strong>cancer</strong>.<br />
Particular chemicals and exposures<br />
It is not possible to review here the carcinogenicity<br />
data for all recognized<br />
occupational carcinogens. Limited information<br />
on certain of these hazards is<br />
summarized below [4,5].<br />
Aromatic amines<br />
Many members of this class of compounds<br />
are established or implicated as<br />
causing occupational <strong>cancer</strong>. By the mid-<br />
1950s, studies of workers in the chemical<br />
industry revealed that benzidine and<br />
2-naphthylamine caused bladder <strong>cancer</strong>.<br />
It was also recognized about this time<br />
that rubber workers were subject to this<br />
malignancy, attributable to aromatic<br />
amines and 4-aminobiphenyl in particular.<br />
Later studies on occupational exposure<br />
to aromatic amines have not definitively<br />
established single compounds as<br />
carcinogenic, in many cases because<br />
Occupational exposures 35
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