world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol, which<br />
exerts a protective effect against atherosclerosis.<br />
Protection is not evident for<br />
high levels of alcohol since the beneficial<br />
effect on cholesterol levels is probably<br />
offset by the alcohol-related increase in<br />
blood pressure, which increases the risk<br />
of ischaemic heart disease. Among British<br />
men in middle or old age, the consumption<br />
of an average of one or two units of<br />
REFERENCES<br />
1. World Health Organization (1999) Global Status Report<br />
on Alcohol, Geneva, WHO.<br />
2. IARC (1988) Alcohol Drinking (IARC Monographs on<br />
the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 44),<br />
Lyon, IARCPress.<br />
3. Potter JD, ed. (1997) Food, Nutrition and the<br />
Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective, Washington,<br />
DC, American Institute for Cancer Research.<br />
4. Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Vena JE (2001) Alcohol<br />
consumption and lung <strong>cancer</strong>: a review of the epidemiologic<br />
evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 10:<br />
813-821.<br />
32 The causes of <strong>cancer</strong><br />
alcohol per day is associated with significantly<br />
lower levels of risk of all causes of<br />
mortality, compared with consumption of<br />
no alcohol or with consumption of substantial<br />
amounts [8]. Cholelithiasis (gallstones)<br />
is another disease prevented by<br />
moderate alcohol consumption.<br />
The global effect of alcohol on health in a<br />
given population depends therefore on the<br />
level of consumption. The health impact<br />
5. Tuyns AJ, Esteve J, Raymond L, Berrino F, Benhamou E,<br />
Blanchet F, Boffetta P, Crosignani P, del Moral A, Lehmann<br />
W (1988) Cancer of the larynx/hypopharynx, tobacco and<br />
alcohol: IARC international case-control study in Turin and<br />
Varese (Italy), Zaragoza and Navarra (Spain), Geneva<br />
(Switzerland) and Calvados (France). Int J Cancer, 41: 483-<br />
491.<br />
6. Matsuo K, Hamajima N, Shinoda M, Hatooka S, Inoue<br />
M, Takezaki T, Tajima K (2001) Gene-environment interaction<br />
between an aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) polymorphism<br />
and alcohol consumption for the risk of<br />
esophageal <strong>cancer</strong>. Carcinogenesis, 22: 913-916.<br />
may be considered with reference to the<br />
increased risk of <strong>cancer</strong>, other diseases,<br />
and injuries, and also any decreased risk<br />
of ischaemic heart disease. Avoidance of<br />
excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages<br />
would prevent a range of <strong>cancer</strong>s.<br />
7. Murray CJL, Lopez AD (1996) Quantifying the burden of<br />
disease and injury attributable to ten major risk factors. In:<br />
Murray CJL, Lopez AD eds, The Global Burden of Disease,<br />
Geneva, World Health Organization, 295-324.<br />
8. Doll R, Peto R, Hall E, Wheatley K, Gray R (1994)<br />
Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years'<br />
observations on male British doctors. BMJ, 309: 911-918.