world cancer report - iarc

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from documentation of disease to a basis for action may also be pursued in relation to treatment. Thus incidence, mortality and other data offer insight into prognosis and efficacy of treatment for particular cancer types. REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Parkin DM, Pisani P, eds (2001) Globocan 2000: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide (IARC Cancer Bases No. 5), Lyon, IARCPress. 2. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Muñoz N, Ferlay J (1998) The global health burden of infection. In: Weiss RA, Beral,V, Newton, R eds, Infections and Human Cancer (Vol. 33, Cancer Surveys), Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 3. Parkin DM, Hakulinen T (1991) Analysis of survival. In: Jensen OM, Parkin DM, MacLennan R, Muir C, Skeet RG eds, Cancer Registration, Principles and Methods (IARC Scientific Publications No. 95), Lyon, IARCPress, 159-176. 4. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L , Young J, eds (1997) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VII (IARC Scientific Publications No. 143 and IARC Cancerbase No. 2), Lyon, IARCPress. 5. Sankaranarayanan R, Black RJ, Parkin DM, eds (1998) Cancer Survival in Developing Countries (IARC Scientific Publications, No. 145), Lyon, IARCPress. The distribution of cancer changes with time, and specific assessments generally relate to a particular period. Irrespective of change in distribution, the burden of cancer remains. This burden involves the disruption, by suffering, of the lives of 6. SEER (1997) SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973- 1994 (NIH Publication No. 92-2789), Bethesda, MD, USA, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, NCI. 7. Berrino F, Sant M, Verdecchia A, Capocaccia R, Hakulinen T, Esteve J, eds (1995) Survival of Cancer Patients in Europe: the Eurocare Study (IARC Scientific Publications, No. 132), Lyon, IARCPress. 8. United Nations (1998) World Population Prospects: the 1998 Revision, New York, United Nations. 9. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2001) Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer, 94: 153-156. 10. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J (1999) Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer, 83: 18-29. hundreds of millions of the world’s population. As will be indicated throughout this volume, that burden may be progressively lessened by appropriate intervention. WEBSITES IARC cancer epidemiology databases, including GLOBOCAN 2000 and the WHO Cancer Mortality Database: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/ ICD9 classification of diseases: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/icd9des.htm The global burden of cancer 19
The causes of cancer Information on cancer causation has come from investigation of the patterns of cancer in human populations and the induction of tumours in experimental animals following treatment with cancer-causing agents. The most important human carcinogens include tobacco, asbestos, aflatoxins and ultraviolet light. Almost 20% of cancers are associated with chronic infections, the most significant ones being hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV), papillomaviruses (HPV) and Helicobacter pylori. There is increasing recognition of the causative role of lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. Genetic susceptibility may significantly alter the risk from environmental exposures. Detail from Edgard Maxence, Femme à l’orchidée, 1900 (RF 1989-41) Paris, musée d’Orsay. 2
Page 2 and 3: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
Page 4 and 5: WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
Page 8 and 9: The global burden of cancer Cancer
Page 10 and 11: Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
Page 12 and 13: Central and Southern Europe differ
Page 14 and 15: Incidence of cancer in South Centra
Page 18 and 19: TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
Page 20 and 21: Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
Page 22 and 23: Cancers positively Sex Standardized
Page 24 and 25: PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
Page 26 and 27: level the dose—response relations
Page 28 and 29: lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
Page 30 and 31: Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
Page 32 and 33: Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
Page 34 and 35: to occupational exposures in develo
Page 36 and 37: Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
Page 38 and 39: der cancer of the order of 50% is p
Page 40 and 41: AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
Page 42 and 43: Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
Page 44 and 45: MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
Page 46 and 47: Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
Page 48 and 49: Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
Page 50 and 51: sources of electromagnetic fields [
Page 52 and 53: CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
Page 54 and 55: Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
Page 56 and 57: TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
Page 58 and 59: DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
Page 60 and 61: Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
Page 62 and 63: OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
Page 64 and 65: IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
Page 66 and 67:
Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
Page 72 and 73:
REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
Page 74 and 75:
PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
Page 76 and 77:
Indicator Number of oral contracept
Page 79 and 80:
Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
Page 97 and 98:
ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
Page 115 and 116:
INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
Page 117 and 118:
laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
Page 123 and 124:
TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
Page 137 and 138:
Climbing plants on trellis at end r
Page 139 and 140:
HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
Page 141 and 142:
Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
Page 143 and 144:
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
Page 145 and 146:
Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
Page 149 and 150:
aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
Page 151 and 152:
SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
Page 153 and 154:
Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
Page 155 and 156:
SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
Page 159 and 160:
is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
Page 161 and 162:
45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
Page 163 and 164:
eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
Page 169 and 170:
India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
Page 175 and 176:
Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
Page 179 and 180:
diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
Page 181 and 182:
is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
Page 185 and 186:
Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
Page 189 and 190:
100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
Page 193 and 194:
Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
Page 195 and 196:
ane protein involved in cell adhesi
Page 197 and 198:
LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
Page 199 and 200:
Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
Page 201 and 202:
REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
Page 203 and 204:
Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
Page 205 and 206:
Management The dramatic division be
Page 207 and 208:
TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
Page 211 and 212:
Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
Page 213 and 214:
Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
Page 215 and 216:
invasive malignant. Malignant germ
Page 217 and 218:
OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
Page 219 and 220:
Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
Page 221 and 222:
with a stent; laser recannulation,
Page 223 and 224:
Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
Page 225 and 226:
Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
Page 227 and 228:
poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
Page 229 and 230:
Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
Page 231 and 232:
LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
Page 233 and 234:
T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
Page 235 and 236:
Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
Page 237 and 238:
Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
Page 239 and 240:
A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
Page 241 and 242:
Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
Page 243 and 244:
Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
Page 245 and 246:
Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
Page 247 and 248:
MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
Page 249 and 250:
Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
Page 251 and 252:
THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
Page 253 and 254:
Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
Page 255 and 256:
KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
Page 257 and 258:
Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
Page 259 and 260:
TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
Page 261 and 262:
ing the optic tract, brain stem and
Page 263 and 264:
mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
Page 265 and 266:
SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
Page 267 and 268:
Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
Page 269 and 270:
TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
Page 271 and 272:
Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
Page 273 and 274:
CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
Page 275 and 276:
Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
Page 277 and 278:
Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
Page 279 and 280:
Most of the world’s most common c
Page 281 and 282:
treatment of cancer. The problems l
Page 283 and 284:
duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286:
REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288:
cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290:
REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292:
Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294:
EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296:
Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298:
priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300:
Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302:
- Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304:
high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306:
ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308:
THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310:
in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312:
in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314:
68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316:
Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318:
Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320:
Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322:
Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324:
Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326:
REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328:
2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330:
Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331 and 332:
5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333 and 334:
4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335 and 336:
Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338:
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340:
Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342:
S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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