world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
industries, processes and occupations that<br />
are deemed to be dangerous for children<br />
has been set out by the Philippines.<br />
Prevention of occupational <strong>cancer</strong> may<br />
positively affect general environmental<br />
conditions. A study of conditions at the<br />
Huannan coal mine, China, established that<br />
from 1953 to the 1980s underground dust<br />
Pollutant Decrease<br />
Carbon monoxide (CO) 37%<br />
Lead 78%<br />
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) 14%<br />
Ozone 6%<br />
Particles of ≤10 µm diameter (PM-10) 22%<br />
PM-10 measurements began in 1988<br />
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) 37%<br />
Table 4.5 Percent decrease in air concentrations of six key air pollutants, USA (1986-1995).<br />
138 Prevention and screening<br />
levels decreased from 266 mg/m 3 to 1.3<br />
mg/m 3, and this coincided with marked<br />
improvement in housing conditions, water<br />
quality, nutrition and sanitation [8].<br />
Environmental pollution<br />
The prevention of <strong>cancer</strong> caused by environmental<br />
pollution might be expected to<br />
follow the same principles and approaches<br />
adopted for prevention of occupational<br />
<strong>cancer</strong>. However, control of carcinogenic<br />
hazards in the general environment is usually<br />
more complex than at the workplace.<br />
Among other things, environmental pollution<br />
usually derives from many sources.<br />
Moreover, exposure levels vary greatly<br />
over space and time. Measures to reduce<br />
pollution can rarely be correlated with<br />
reduced <strong>cancer</strong> incidence. A decreased<br />
incidence of lung <strong>cancer</strong>, for example,<br />
cannot be attributed to reduced air pollution<br />
against a high background of tobac-<br />
Compound Average ambient Cancer associated IARC classification<br />
air concentration [mg/m 3]<br />
Acetaldehyde 5 Nasal tumours in rats 2B<br />
Acrylonitrile 0.01 - 10 Lung <strong>cancer</strong> in workers 2A<br />
Arsenic (1 - 30) x 10 -3 Lung <strong>cancer</strong> in humans 1<br />
Benzo[a]pyrene No data Lung <strong>cancer</strong> in humans 1<br />
Bis(chloromethyl)ether No data Epitheliomas in rats 1<br />
Chloroform 0.3-10 Kidney tumours in rats 2B<br />
Chromium VI (5 - 200) x 10 -3 Lung <strong>cancer</strong> in workers 1<br />
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.07 – 4 Tumour formation in rodents 2B<br />
Diesel exhaust 1.0 - 10.0 Lung <strong>cancer</strong> 2A<br />
Nickel 1 - 180 Lung <strong>cancer</strong> in humans 1<br />
Polycyclic aromatic (1 - 10) x 10 -3 Lung <strong>cancer</strong> in humans 1<br />
hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene)<br />
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.1 - 0.7 Hepatocellular carcinomas in mice 3<br />
Trichloroethylene 1 – 10 Cell tumours in testes of rats 2A<br />
Vinyl chloride 0.1 – 10 Haemangiosarcoma in workers 1<br />
Liver <strong>cancer</strong> in workers<br />
Table 4.6 WHO guidelines (1999) for air pollutants with carcinogenic health end-points. These substances have been classified by IARC as either human carcinogens<br />
(Group 1), probable human carcinogens (Group 2A) or possible human carcinogens (Group 2B).endpoints