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world cancer report - iarc

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worthy is the development of caspase<br />

inhibitors for the treatment of certain<br />

degenerative (non-<strong>cancer</strong>ous) diseases<br />

characterized by excess apoptosis.<br />

Drugs shown to induce apoptosis specifically<br />

include chemopreventive agents<br />

(Chemoprevention, p151), exemplified by<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Strasser A, O'Connor L, Dixit VM (2000) Apoptosis signaling.<br />

Annu Rev Biochem, 69: 217-245.<br />

2. Kaufmann SH, Gores GJ (2000) Apoptosis in <strong>cancer</strong>:<br />

cause and cure. Bioessays, 22: 1007-1017.<br />

3. Parton M, Dowsett M, Smith I (2001) Studies of apoptosis<br />

in breast <strong>cancer</strong>. BMJ, 322: 1528-1532.<br />

4. Choisy-Rossi C, Yonish-Rouach E (1998) Apoptosis and<br />

the cell cycle: the p53 connection. Cell Death Differ, 5:<br />

129-131.<br />

5. Rich T, Allen RL, Wyllie AH (2000) Defying death after<br />

DNA damage. Nature, 407: 777-783.<br />

6. Peter ME, Krammer PH (1998) Mechanisms of CD95<br />

(APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis. Curr Opin Immunol, 10:<br />

545-551.<br />

7. Yeh WC, Hakem R, Woo M, Mak TW (1999) Gene targeting<br />

in the analysis of mammalian apoptosis and TNF<br />

receptor superfamily signaling. Immunol Rev, 169: 283-<br />

302.<br />

8. Griffith TS, Lynch DH (1998) TRAIL: a molecule with<br />

multiple receptors and control mechanisms. Curr Opin<br />

Immunol, 10: 559-563.<br />

9. Gross A, McDonnell JM, Korsmeyer SJ (1999) BCL-2<br />

family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes<br />

Dev, 13: 1899-1911.<br />

10. Matsuyama S, Llopis J, Deveraux QL, Tsien RY, Reed<br />

JC (2000) Changes in intramitochondrial and cytosolic pH:<br />

118 Mechanisms of tumour development<br />

4-hydroxyphenylretinamide. Butyrate, a<br />

short-chain fatty acid produced by bacterial<br />

fermentation of dietary fibre, inhibits<br />

cell growth in vitro and promotes differentiation;<br />

it also induces apoptosis. Both<br />

roles may contribute to its prevention of<br />

colorectal <strong>cancer</strong>. Moreover, cyclo-oxyge-<br />

early events that modulate caspase activation during apoptosis.<br />

Nat Cell Biol, 2: 318-325.<br />

11. Chung HT, Pae HO, Choi BM, Billiar TR, Kim YM (2001)<br />

Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis. Biochem<br />

Biophys Res Commun, 282: 1075-1079.<br />

12. Kumar S (1999) Regulation of caspase activation in<br />

apoptosis: implications in pathogenesis and treatment of<br />

disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 26: 295-303.<br />

13. Porter AG, Janicke RU (1999) Emerging roles of caspase-3<br />

in apoptosis. Cell Death Differ, 6: 99-104.<br />

14. Nicholson DW (2000) From bench to clinic with apoptosis-based<br />

therapeutic agents. Nature, 407: 810-816.<br />

15. Zhou BB, Elledge SJ (2000) The DNA damage<br />

response: putting checkpoints in perspective. Nature, 408:<br />

433-439.<br />

16. Brown JM, Wouters BG (1999) Apoptosis, p53, and<br />

tumor cell sensitivity to anti<strong>cancer</strong> agents. Cancer Res, 59:<br />

1391-1399.<br />

17. Zheng TS (2001) Death by design: the big debut of<br />

small molecules. Nat Cell Biol, 3: E43-E46.<br />

18. Altucci L, Rossin A, Raffelsberger W, Reitmair A,<br />

Chomienne C, Gronemeyer H (2001) Retinoic acid-induced<br />

apoptosis in leukemia cells is mediated by paracrine action<br />

of tumor-selective death ligand TRAIL. Nat Med, 7: 680-<br />

686.<br />

nase enzyme (COX-2) expression may<br />

modulate intestinal apoptosis via changes<br />

in Bcl-2 expression. Aspirin and similar<br />

drugs which inhibit COX-2 may promote<br />

apoptosis and prevent tumour formation.<br />

WEBSITE<br />

The European Cell Death Organization:<br />

http://www.ecdo.dote.hu/

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